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Showing posts with label Mosquito; epidemiology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Mosquito; epidemiology. Show all posts
02 August 2008
28 March 2008
Pengaruh Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) Altosid 1,3 G terhadap Populasi Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti Linneus
By: Pranoto Direktorat Jenderal PPM & PLP
Keywords: Aedes aegypti; larvae growth; buletin penelitian kesehatanSubject: AEDES; JUVENILE HORMONES
A study to evaluate the efficacy of an insect growth regulator {IAR) methoprene 1.3% (trade name: Allosid G) against Aedes aegypti larvae was conducted in Jakarta from November 1991 through March 1992. The study was conducted by uniformly scattering 1.3% a methoprene in bottom of metal drums filled with 50 liter of regular tap water. Total of 24 drums were utilized for the study with 20 of them given varied dosage rate 0/0.315 gr, 0.625 gr, 1.25 gr, 2.5 gr and 5 gr. Four of the drums without IGR were used for control. One hundred 2 days old larvae of Ae. aegypti were poured into each drum weekly for total of 14 weeks. Also subsequently 25% (total of 12.5 liter) of water from each drum was taken out and replaced with same amount of regular tap water weekly for same period (14 weeks). Observation of larvae growth in the water taken out of the drum was carried by counting the number of dead and alive pupae. Living pupae were transferred into a paper cup covered with mosquito net for further observation number of pupae and adults died and alive. A split plot design was performed using 4 replicates for each application and regression analysis was applied to analysis the data. Efficacy of the IGR in each treatment was calculated through the percentage calculation of efficacy of each replicate devided by four. Weekly efficacy of IGR was calculated as follows: number of died pupae and number of died adults devided by total number of died pupae, number of died adults and number adults alive multiplied by 100%. The trial showed that 100% mortality occured three weeks after treatment, and it decreased from 100% to 91.56% and 99.25% 14 weeks after treatment.
Keywords: Aedes aegypti; larvae growth; buletin penelitian kesehatanSubject: AEDES; JUVENILE HORMONES
A study to evaluate the efficacy of an insect growth regulator {IAR) methoprene 1.3% (trade name: Allosid G) against Aedes aegypti larvae was conducted in Jakarta from November 1991 through March 1992. The study was conducted by uniformly scattering 1.3% a methoprene in bottom of metal drums filled with 50 liter of regular tap water. Total of 24 drums were utilized for the study with 20 of them given varied dosage rate 0/0.315 gr, 0.625 gr, 1.25 gr, 2.5 gr and 5 gr. Four of the drums without IGR were used for control. One hundred 2 days old larvae of Ae. aegypti were poured into each drum weekly for total of 14 weeks. Also subsequently 25% (total of 12.5 liter) of water from each drum was taken out and replaced with same amount of regular tap water weekly for same period (14 weeks). Observation of larvae growth in the water taken out of the drum was carried by counting the number of dead and alive pupae. Living pupae were transferred into a paper cup covered with mosquito net for further observation number of pupae and adults died and alive. A split plot design was performed using 4 replicates for each application and regression analysis was applied to analysis the data. Efficacy of the IGR in each treatment was calculated through the percentage calculation of efficacy of each replicate devided by four. Weekly efficacy of IGR was calculated as follows: number of died pupae and number of died adults devided by total number of died pupae, number of died adults and number adults alive multiplied by 100%. The trial showed that 100% mortality occured three weeks after treatment, and it decreased from 100% to 91.56% and 99.25% 14 weeks after treatment.
MOTHER KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES TOWARDS MALARIA IN CHILDREN, IN SUNGAILIAT SUBDISTRICT BANGKA DISTRICT IN 2005
Written by Yahya, Aprioza Yenni, Santoso, Lasbudi.P.Ambarita
MOTHER KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES TOWARDS MALARIA IN CHILDREN, IN SUNGAILIAT SUBDISTRICT BANGKA DISTRICT IN 2005
Abstract. The research on mother�s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding malaria among children has been conducted in Sungailiat sub-district of Bangka district from April to August 2005. The aim of this research was to know the level of mother�s knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding malaria among children. This sampel were 90 respondents drawn by Simple Random Sampling method. Results of this research show most of the respondents age between 25-40 years. Most of the respondents only graduated from elementary school and were unemployed (63.3%). Forty six respondents have good knowledge (51.1%), 52 respondents have good attitude (57.8%), and 54 respondents have good practice (60%). There was significant difference between mother�s education and occupation with mother�s knowledge on malaria among children (p <0.005). And there was significant difference between mother�s age with her attitude (p=0.009). Based on the result, it is necessary to inform about malaria, the prevention and the treatment of malaria among children. And it is also important to improve patient�s registration system specially for children�s malaria patient by complete the identity (name and address) of patient�s parents which is necessary for finding case, and repeat data update of residents of Sungailiat Sub-district.
Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice (KAP), Malaria, Sungailiat.
MOTHER KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES TOWARDS MALARIA IN CHILDREN, IN SUNGAILIAT SUBDISTRICT BANGKA DISTRICT IN 2005
Abstract. The research on mother�s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding malaria among children has been conducted in Sungailiat sub-district of Bangka district from April to August 2005. The aim of this research was to know the level of mother�s knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding malaria among children. This sampel were 90 respondents drawn by Simple Random Sampling method. Results of this research show most of the respondents age between 25-40 years. Most of the respondents only graduated from elementary school and were unemployed (63.3%). Forty six respondents have good knowledge (51.1%), 52 respondents have good attitude (57.8%), and 54 respondents have good practice (60%). There was significant difference between mother�s education and occupation with mother�s knowledge on malaria among children (p <0.005). And there was significant difference between mother�s age with her attitude (p=0.009). Based on the result, it is necessary to inform about malaria, the prevention and the treatment of malaria among children. And it is also important to improve patient�s registration system specially for children�s malaria patient by complete the identity (name and address) of patient�s parents which is necessary for finding case, and repeat data update of residents of Sungailiat Sub-district.
Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice (KAP), Malaria, Sungailiat.
SPOT SURVEY RESERVOIR LEPTOSPIROSIS DI DESA BAKUNG, KECAMATAN JOGONALAN, KABUPATEN KLATEN, JATENG
Written by Ristiyanto, Farida D.H, Gambiro dan Sri Wahyuni
Abstract. Leptospirosis outbreak was occurred in Klaten district, Central Java, in June 2005. This outbreak was caused dead case out of 4 cases (Case fatality rate 25%). The Lepto-spirosis reservoir spot survey was conducted in Bakung village, Jogonalan sub district, Klaten district, Central Java, in July 2005. The aim of the study was to discover the prevalence of leptospirosis and the diversity of rats. The methods use was rats trapping and serology test, for leptospira. The result of the study found 3 kinds of rats species, i. e. Rattus tanezumi (in houses) , Bandicota indica, R. tiomanicus (in rice field) and 1 species of shrew Suncus murinus. In addition to that, it was found that R. tanezumi (6.82% of 44 rats) was infected by Leptospira bataviae, L. autumnalis and L. icterohemorrhagiae.
Keywords : Leptospirosis, reservoir, tikus, spot survey.
Abstract. Leptospirosis outbreak was occurred in Klaten district, Central Java, in June 2005. This outbreak was caused dead case out of 4 cases (Case fatality rate 25%). The Lepto-spirosis reservoir spot survey was conducted in Bakung village, Jogonalan sub district, Klaten district, Central Java, in July 2005. The aim of the study was to discover the prevalence of leptospirosis and the diversity of rats. The methods use was rats trapping and serology test, for leptospira. The result of the study found 3 kinds of rats species, i. e. Rattus tanezumi (in houses) , Bandicota indica, R. tiomanicus (in rice field) and 1 species of shrew Suncus murinus. In addition to that, it was found that R. tanezumi (6.82% of 44 rats) was infected by Leptospira bataviae, L. autumnalis and L. icterohemorrhagiae.
Keywords : Leptospirosis, reservoir, tikus, spot survey.
THE INFLUENCE OF WASHING PRACTICES ON THE EFFICACY OF DELTAMETHRIN LONG LASTING INSECTICIDE TREATED MOSQUITO NETS (ITNs) USING GLASS TUNNEL TEST METHO
Written by Damar Tri Boewono, Widiarti, Mujiono
Abstrak. Suatu penelitian untuk mengetahui aktivitas residu dan respon iritabilitas Perma-Net long lasting-insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) deltamethrin 55 mg/m2 setelah pencucian, dilakukan di BPVRP Salatiga, bulan Oktober-November 2004 dengan metoda uji glass tunnel. Kelambu PermaNet dicuci dengan sabun padat (0, 6, 9, 12, 18, 21 dan 24 kali) sebagai perlakuan. Pencucian kelambu dilakukan tiga kali (secara individual) di dalam blue cap bottle (volume 1 liter), diisi air 500 ml dan digoyang pada shaker selama 20 menit, dibilas 2 kali dan dikeringkan di tempat terlindung cahaya matahari, pada posisi datar. Evaluasi dilakukan terhadap kematian nyamuk uji (Anopheles maculatus) serta respon iritabilitas (jumlah nyamuk uji dapat melewati lubang pada kelambu berinsektisida) dan jumlah nyamuk uji kenyang darah marmot yang dipasang sebagai umpan. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa penurunan aktivitas residu insektisida deltamethrin sejalan dengan frekuensi pencucian ITNs. Rata-rata kandungan deltamethrin setelah dicuci 24 kali adalah 8,78 mg/m2 (berkurang 84,24% atau 1,93 mg/m2 setiap pencucian ) dan kematian nyamuk uji 80,0%, dari jumlah 100 ekor. Uji glass tunnel menunjukkan bahwa, kematian An. maculatus pada kelambu (0 dan 6 kali pencucian) tidak berbeda secara bermakna, akan tetapi berbeda nyata setelah 12, 18, 21 dan 24 kali pencucian. Kematian nyamuk uji pada kelambu yang telah dicuci 21 dan 24 kali, menurun menjadi 67,97% dan 55,15% (tidak efektif menurut standar WHO 70%) dan tidak berbeda nyata dengan kelambu dicuci 18 kali. Respon iritabilitas tidak berbeda nyata berdasarkan jumlah pencucian. Efek repelen PermaNet� tidak cukup besar, nampak dari jumlah nyamuk melewati lubang pada kelambu uji 14,17-30,91% (�1,63%) ditemukan kenyang darah.
Key words : glass tunnel test; ITNs deltamethrin; washing frequency; An. maculatus.
Abstrak. Suatu penelitian untuk mengetahui aktivitas residu dan respon iritabilitas Perma-Net long lasting-insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) deltamethrin 55 mg/m2 setelah pencucian, dilakukan di BPVRP Salatiga, bulan Oktober-November 2004 dengan metoda uji glass tunnel. Kelambu PermaNet dicuci dengan sabun padat (0, 6, 9, 12, 18, 21 dan 24 kali) sebagai perlakuan. Pencucian kelambu dilakukan tiga kali (secara individual) di dalam blue cap bottle (volume 1 liter), diisi air 500 ml dan digoyang pada shaker selama 20 menit, dibilas 2 kali dan dikeringkan di tempat terlindung cahaya matahari, pada posisi datar. Evaluasi dilakukan terhadap kematian nyamuk uji (Anopheles maculatus) serta respon iritabilitas (jumlah nyamuk uji dapat melewati lubang pada kelambu berinsektisida) dan jumlah nyamuk uji kenyang darah marmot yang dipasang sebagai umpan. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa penurunan aktivitas residu insektisida deltamethrin sejalan dengan frekuensi pencucian ITNs. Rata-rata kandungan deltamethrin setelah dicuci 24 kali adalah 8,78 mg/m2 (berkurang 84,24% atau 1,93 mg/m2 setiap pencucian ) dan kematian nyamuk uji 80,0%, dari jumlah 100 ekor. Uji glass tunnel menunjukkan bahwa, kematian An. maculatus pada kelambu (0 dan 6 kali pencucian) tidak berbeda secara bermakna, akan tetapi berbeda nyata setelah 12, 18, 21 dan 24 kali pencucian. Kematian nyamuk uji pada kelambu yang telah dicuci 21 dan 24 kali, menurun menjadi 67,97% dan 55,15% (tidak efektif menurut standar WHO 70%) dan tidak berbeda nyata dengan kelambu dicuci 18 kali. Respon iritabilitas tidak berbeda nyata berdasarkan jumlah pencucian. Efek repelen PermaNet� tidak cukup besar, nampak dari jumlah nyamuk melewati lubang pada kelambu uji 14,17-30,91% (�1,63%) ditemukan kenyang darah.
Key words : glass tunnel test; ITNs deltamethrin; washing frequency; An. maculatus.
BREAST SELF EXAMINATION IN INDONESIA ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL SOCIO ECONOMIC SURVEY 1998 AND NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD HEALTH SURVEY 2004
Written by Suhardi, Yulianti Pradono, Dwi Hapsari dan Siti Isfandari
Abstract. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of malignancies among females in Indonesia and the only feasible intervention at present is secondary prevention by BSE (Breast Self Examination). The main objective of this article is to depict trends and differen-tials on the prevalence rate of women aged 30 years and over who knew about and practiced BSE based on the results of analysis on a subset of Susenas (the National Socio Economic Survey) 1998 and SKRT (the National Household Health Survey) 2004 database. According to Susenas 1998, the prevalence rate of women aged 30 years and over (n = 55.621) who knew about BSE was 14.2 % in urban areas, 3.1 % in rural areas and 7.3 % in both areas, and the prevalence rate of those who practiced BSE in the past year was 7.4 % in urban areas, 1.4 % in rural areas, and 3.6 % in both areas. In the next survey, SKRT 2004 found the prevalence rate of women aged 30 years and over (n = 3.346) who ever practiced BSE (without time refe-rence) was 19.0 % in urban areas, 5.7 % in rural areas and 11.3 % in both areas. The two surveys reveal that the prevalence rate of BSE was higher in urban areas, both for the entire country and all islands and provinces. The prevalence rate was also higher in younger age groups and those with better education and socioeconomic level. Despite the apparently sharp increase of prevalence rates between 1998 and 2004, the coverage of BSE practice was still far from enough for a significant reduction in the proportion of breast cancer in late stages among females.
Keywords : breast self examination, coverage, national health survey.
Abstract. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of malignancies among females in Indonesia and the only feasible intervention at present is secondary prevention by BSE (Breast Self Examination). The main objective of this article is to depict trends and differen-tials on the prevalence rate of women aged 30 years and over who knew about and practiced BSE based on the results of analysis on a subset of Susenas (the National Socio Economic Survey) 1998 and SKRT (the National Household Health Survey) 2004 database. According to Susenas 1998, the prevalence rate of women aged 30 years and over (n = 55.621) who knew about BSE was 14.2 % in urban areas, 3.1 % in rural areas and 7.3 % in both areas, and the prevalence rate of those who practiced BSE in the past year was 7.4 % in urban areas, 1.4 % in rural areas, and 3.6 % in both areas. In the next survey, SKRT 2004 found the prevalence rate of women aged 30 years and over (n = 3.346) who ever practiced BSE (without time refe-rence) was 19.0 % in urban areas, 5.7 % in rural areas and 11.3 % in both areas. The two surveys reveal that the prevalence rate of BSE was higher in urban areas, both for the entire country and all islands and provinces. The prevalence rate was also higher in younger age groups and those with better education and socioeconomic level. Despite the apparently sharp increase of prevalence rates between 1998 and 2004, the coverage of BSE practice was still far from enough for a significant reduction in the proportion of breast cancer in late stages among females.
Keywords : breast self examination, coverage, national health survey.
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE GENERAL HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AND SOCIAL DYSFUNCTION SCREENING IN COMMUNITY
Written by Sri Idaiani dan Suhardi
Abstract : Every mental health intervention program needs a screening tool which is valid and reliable for mental health cases in their own community. The main objectives of the study were to measure the validity and reliability of the 12 items of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and to determine the optimum cut off scores. The study site was located in Abadi Jaya Sub-district, Depok City, West Jawa. Four hundred subjects were selected randomly by the Kish method to participate in the study. The results of the GHQ-12 interviews were then compared with the Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90) scores as the gold standard. Retest for reliability assessments were followed by 89 out of the 400 subjects and administered in 2-3 week intervals. The optimum cut-off scores of the GHQ-12 was 7/8 with a sensitivity of 67.80 and a specificity of 74.75. The Alpha Cronbach ranged from 0.670-0.776. There were no significant differences between the first and second GHQ-12 scores (Z= -0.211, P= 0.833). The GHQ-12 with moderate validity and high reliability has the potential to become a screening tool, and accordingly needs to be tailored and developed furthermore.
Keywords : GHQ-12, validity, reliability, cut off point, psychological distress, social dysfunction.
Abstract : Every mental health intervention program needs a screening tool which is valid and reliable for mental health cases in their own community. The main objectives of the study were to measure the validity and reliability of the 12 items of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and to determine the optimum cut off scores. The study site was located in Abadi Jaya Sub-district, Depok City, West Jawa. Four hundred subjects were selected randomly by the Kish method to participate in the study. The results of the GHQ-12 interviews were then compared with the Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90) scores as the gold standard. Retest for reliability assessments were followed by 89 out of the 400 subjects and administered in 2-3 week intervals. The optimum cut-off scores of the GHQ-12 was 7/8 with a sensitivity of 67.80 and a specificity of 74.75. The Alpha Cronbach ranged from 0.670-0.776. There were no significant differences between the first and second GHQ-12 scores (Z= -0.211, P= 0.833). The GHQ-12 with moderate validity and high reliability has the potential to become a screening tool, and accordingly needs to be tailored and developed furthermore.
Keywords : GHQ-12, validity, reliability, cut off point, psychological distress, social dysfunction.
IMMUNITY TO DIPHTHERIAE AND TETANUS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL DROP-OUT CHILDREN (7-15 YEARS) IN NORTH JAKARTA MUNICIPALITY
Written by C. S. Whinie Lestar, Dyah Widyaningrum, Sumarno, Farida Siburian
Abstract. According to the Ministry of Education & Culture in 1999 there were 13.67 % dropouts from primary schools and MI (Madrasah Ibtidaiyah) and 3.5 % children who have never attended school. Since 1998 health services for primary/ MI school age namely BIAS program has been carried out. However, up to now there has been no diphtheriae and tetanus BIAS program for school dropouts or those children who never attended school. If school dropouts children do not get DT and TT BIAS immunization, it will influence Tetanus Neonatorum Elimination target, and delay the target achievement to stop immunization for childbearing age and pregnant women in 2005. It will also increase the possibility of diphtheriae outbreak accurence. A cross sectional study to 109 children school drop out was conducted in North Jakarta municipality during March to December 2001. The objective of the study was to identify the immunization status and to measure the immunity status of primary/MI school dropouts or those children who have never attended school (7 through 15 years). Interview was carried out with their parents too. The proportion of primary school dropouts in North Jakarta was 4.4 %, whereby the highest was found in Kalibaru, Subdistrict Cilincing (11.1 %). The highest percentage of immunization for diphtheria and tetanus were TT 0 (34%) and D 1 (39%). Fifty point nine percent (n = 106) of school dropouts showed protective antibody for tetanus (titre 1 IU/ml with Elisa test) with a geometric mean titre (GMT) of 0.4625 IU/ml while 75 % of drop out students showed protective antibody level of diphtheriae (titre 0.01 IU/ml with netralization test) with GMT of 0.0248 IU/ml. This results were less than BIAS research result to primary school students showed 100 % (n = 61) protective antibody level with GMT of 0.7408 IU/ml and GMT of 9.1157 IU/ml of diphtheriae and tetanus. It showed that school dropouts children or those who never attended school still required immunization through BIAS program.
Keywords : diphtheria, tetanus, BIAS, school drop out.
Abstract. According to the Ministry of Education & Culture in 1999 there were 13.67 % dropouts from primary schools and MI (Madrasah Ibtidaiyah) and 3.5 % children who have never attended school. Since 1998 health services for primary/ MI school age namely BIAS program has been carried out. However, up to now there has been no diphtheriae and tetanus BIAS program for school dropouts or those children who never attended school. If school dropouts children do not get DT and TT BIAS immunization, it will influence Tetanus Neonatorum Elimination target, and delay the target achievement to stop immunization for childbearing age and pregnant women in 2005. It will also increase the possibility of diphtheriae outbreak accurence. A cross sectional study to 109 children school drop out was conducted in North Jakarta municipality during March to December 2001. The objective of the study was to identify the immunization status and to measure the immunity status of primary/MI school dropouts or those children who have never attended school (7 through 15 years). Interview was carried out with their parents too. The proportion of primary school dropouts in North Jakarta was 4.4 %, whereby the highest was found in Kalibaru, Subdistrict Cilincing (11.1 %). The highest percentage of immunization for diphtheria and tetanus were TT 0 (34%) and D 1 (39%). Fifty point nine percent (n = 106) of school dropouts showed protective antibody for tetanus (titre 1 IU/ml with Elisa test) with a geometric mean titre (GMT) of 0.4625 IU/ml while 75 % of drop out students showed protective antibody level of diphtheriae (titre 0.01 IU/ml with netralization test) with GMT of 0.0248 IU/ml. This results were less than BIAS research result to primary school students showed 100 % (n = 61) protective antibody level with GMT of 0.7408 IU/ml and GMT of 9.1157 IU/ml of diphtheriae and tetanus. It showed that school dropouts children or those who never attended school still required immunization through BIAS program.
Keywords : diphtheria, tetanus, BIAS, school drop out.
ROLE OF DRAGONFLY (Brachytron pratense) NYMPH AS A BIOCONTROL AGENT OF LARVAL MOSQUITOES
Written by G.Chandra, S.N.Chatterjee and A.Ghosh
Abstract. Influenza A (H5N1) human cases started to be reported since 1997. In Indonesia, the first human cases were reported in July 2005, as a cluster consisted of a father and two daughters; two of them were fatal confirmed cases. As of 31 October 2006, 72 cases have been identified (25 were classified into 10 clusters) with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 76.4%. The Abstract. The failure of traditional vector control operations through chemical insecticides renewed interest in biological control method. In the present study Dragonfly (Brachytron pratense) nymph has been proved to be a strong biocontrol agent of Anopheles subpictus larvae in the laboratory condition. Average daily larval feeding rate of B. pratense nymph decreased when the search area was increased. Feeding rate increased when prey density was increased. In the field conditions also, B. pratense played very effective role as predator of different species of larval mosquitoes.
Keywords: Brachytron pratense, nymph, mosquitoes, biocontrol, search area, prey, predator.
Abstract. Influenza A (H5N1) human cases started to be reported since 1997. In Indonesia, the first human cases were reported in July 2005, as a cluster consisted of a father and two daughters; two of them were fatal confirmed cases. As of 31 October 2006, 72 cases have been identified (25 were classified into 10 clusters) with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 76.4%. The Abstract. The failure of traditional vector control operations through chemical insecticides renewed interest in biological control method. In the present study Dragonfly (Brachytron pratense) nymph has been proved to be a strong biocontrol agent of Anopheles subpictus larvae in the laboratory condition. Average daily larval feeding rate of B. pratense nymph decreased when the search area was increased. Feeding rate increased when prey density was increased. In the field conditions also, B. pratense played very effective role as predator of different species of larval mosquitoes.
Keywords: Brachytron pratense, nymph, mosquitoes, biocontrol, search area, prey, predator.
IDENTIFIKASI DAN EKSPLORASI FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI RENDAHNYA CASE DETECTION RATE DALAM PROGRAM TUBERCULOSIS DI KELURAHAN CIPINANG, JAKARTA T
Written by Luxi Riajuni Pasaribu
Abstract. Indonesia has adopted the DOTS strategy since 1994, but it still has the third largest TB cases in the world. The DOTS facilities population coveraged was 98% in 2000, but the Case Detection Rate (CDR) which is one of the key objectives in eliminating TB, was only 19% in 2000 and 21% in 2001. Jakarta has significant TB problem and the CDR is only about 36.18% in 2001 and 39.44% in 2002. This is requires urgent improvement. This research identifies and explores factors that contribute to the low CDR by investigating whether there were economic, social, and cultural circumstances impacting on the community, health system and practice of TB Case Detection in Kelurahan Cipinang, East Jakarta. Such environments have also been investigated. This research applied case study method and data collected by in-depth semi-structured, individual interviews on 13 community participants included patients, suspected TB persons, relapsed TB persons, housewife, teachers, and health cadres; 6 formal and informal community leaders; and 3 health providers of the community health centre (Puskesmas). The major problem found was the poverty in the community. These poor people experience social, physical, psychological, and behavioural disadvantages that were linked to each other and relevant to the research questions. The social circumstances that were found in the community were lack of education, the religious and cultural beliefs, homelessness, poor quality of housing, bad water and sanitation of the canal, and no money for transport, for the registration fee at the Puskesmas, and for the laboratory examination fee. The physical circumstances that were found were: poor nutrition, TB symptoms, and emaciated. The psychological circumstances found were low self-worth, stress, anxiety, stigma, and no family support. The behavioural circumstances that occurred were delaying visiting the Puskesmas, seeking help from friends, smoking, gambling, and drugs. Meanwhile, the Puskesmas did not have adequate infrastructure and facilities to provide accurate examination and to have safe work environment. Inadequate training had lead to a lack of teamwork between staffs. Lack of communication between health providers and community leaders contributed to the lack of political commitment in the system and practice of the DOTS strategy. Strategies developed from the participants' suggestions were recommended to address the problems and to alleviate the poverty.
Key words: Tuberculosis, Case Detection Rate (CDR), factors contribute to low TB-CDR,community health centre, Jakarta
Abstract. Indonesia has adopted the DOTS strategy since 1994, but it still has the third largest TB cases in the world. The DOTS facilities population coveraged was 98% in 2000, but the Case Detection Rate (CDR) which is one of the key objectives in eliminating TB, was only 19% in 2000 and 21% in 2001. Jakarta has significant TB problem and the CDR is only about 36.18% in 2001 and 39.44% in 2002. This is requires urgent improvement. This research identifies and explores factors that contribute to the low CDR by investigating whether there were economic, social, and cultural circumstances impacting on the community, health system and practice of TB Case Detection in Kelurahan Cipinang, East Jakarta. Such environments have also been investigated. This research applied case study method and data collected by in-depth semi-structured, individual interviews on 13 community participants included patients, suspected TB persons, relapsed TB persons, housewife, teachers, and health cadres; 6 formal and informal community leaders; and 3 health providers of the community health centre (Puskesmas). The major problem found was the poverty in the community. These poor people experience social, physical, psychological, and behavioural disadvantages that were linked to each other and relevant to the research questions. The social circumstances that were found in the community were lack of education, the religious and cultural beliefs, homelessness, poor quality of housing, bad water and sanitation of the canal, and no money for transport, for the registration fee at the Puskesmas, and for the laboratory examination fee. The physical circumstances that were found were: poor nutrition, TB symptoms, and emaciated. The psychological circumstances found were low self-worth, stress, anxiety, stigma, and no family support. The behavioural circumstances that occurred were delaying visiting the Puskesmas, seeking help from friends, smoking, gambling, and drugs. Meanwhile, the Puskesmas did not have adequate infrastructure and facilities to provide accurate examination and to have safe work environment. Inadequate training had lead to a lack of teamwork between staffs. Lack of communication between health providers and community leaders contributed to the lack of political commitment in the system and practice of the DOTS strategy. Strategies developed from the participants' suggestions were recommended to address the problems and to alleviate the poverty.
Key words: Tuberculosis, Case Detection Rate (CDR), factors contribute to low TB-CDR,community health centre, Jakarta
Behavior Risk Factors In Indonesia:National Household Health Survey 2001
Written by Ch. M. Kristanti, Dwi Hapsari, Julianty Pradono, Soeharsono Soemantri
Abstract. A series of National Household Health Surveys (NHHS) reported the occurrence of epidemiological transition caused by demographic transition and prolonged economical diversity. Communicable diseases are still prevalent, followed by the emergence of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs), which are due to an increasing level of behavior risk factors in the population. In the NHHS 2001, a morbidity survey collected information about behavioral risk indicators, whereas the WHO'S STEPwise approach was one of the study instruments. The 'WHO Step 1 questionnaire' was adapted with some modifications. Samples of NHHS, morbidity survey was sub-sample of module sample of National Social Economic Survey (NSES) 2001. A sample of 15,148 people aged 10 years+ were analyzed to identify their behavior regarding smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity. These findings are a representation of the national figures, which were presented by characteristics of the population such as: sex, age, residence, region and economic status. Economic status was divided into 5 strata, which were calculated from a quintile of household expenditure. The results showed that 29.7% of the population aged 10 years+ are daily smokers. This is more prevalent in males than females (58.9% vs. 3.7%). This behavior increases by age group, except for the oldest; there are slightly more smokers in rural areas than urban areas (31% vs. 28%), and no difference among regions (30-31%). Those with better economic status are less likely to smoke than poorer ones. Alcohol consumption is reportedly very low (2.7%), more prevalent in males than females (4.9% vs. 0.8%), and higher in rural areas than urban areas (3.1% vs. 2.1%). Eastern Indonesia (was higher than Sumatra, Java and Bali (6.3%, 4.7%, and 1.2% respectively). There were no differences in alcohol consumption according to economic status. Physical inactivity is very high (68%), more prevalent in females than males (73% vs. 63%), and higher in urban areas than rural ones (78.4% vs. 60.6%). Among regions, Java Bali region (72%) was higher than Eastern Indonesia and Sumatra (62% and 59% respectively). Those with a better economic status are more likely to be inactive than their counterparts. These behaviors are a reflection of future diseases , which may cause the morbidity of NCDs. This information on risk factors is essential for future caseload predictions in regards to NCDs and for preventive program planning.
Keywords: Health, Behavior Monitoring & Research, tobacco, alcohol, physical activity,health indicators.
Abstract. A series of National Household Health Surveys (NHHS) reported the occurrence of epidemiological transition caused by demographic transition and prolonged economical diversity. Communicable diseases are still prevalent, followed by the emergence of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs), which are due to an increasing level of behavior risk factors in the population. In the NHHS 2001, a morbidity survey collected information about behavioral risk indicators, whereas the WHO'S STEPwise approach was one of the study instruments. The 'WHO Step 1 questionnaire' was adapted with some modifications. Samples of NHHS, morbidity survey was sub-sample of module sample of National Social Economic Survey (NSES) 2001. A sample of 15,148 people aged 10 years+ were analyzed to identify their behavior regarding smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity. These findings are a representation of the national figures, which were presented by characteristics of the population such as: sex, age, residence, region and economic status. Economic status was divided into 5 strata, which were calculated from a quintile of household expenditure. The results showed that 29.7% of the population aged 10 years+ are daily smokers. This is more prevalent in males than females (58.9% vs. 3.7%). This behavior increases by age group, except for the oldest; there are slightly more smokers in rural areas than urban areas (31% vs. 28%), and no difference among regions (30-31%). Those with better economic status are less likely to smoke than poorer ones. Alcohol consumption is reportedly very low (2.7%), more prevalent in males than females (4.9% vs. 0.8%), and higher in rural areas than urban areas (3.1% vs. 2.1%). Eastern Indonesia (was higher than Sumatra, Java and Bali (6.3%, 4.7%, and 1.2% respectively). There were no differences in alcohol consumption according to economic status. Physical inactivity is very high (68%), more prevalent in females than males (73% vs. 63%), and higher in urban areas than rural ones (78.4% vs. 60.6%). Among regions, Java Bali region (72%) was higher than Eastern Indonesia and Sumatra (62% and 59% respectively). Those with a better economic status are more likely to be inactive than their counterparts. These behaviors are a reflection of future diseases , which may cause the morbidity of NCDs. This information on risk factors is essential for future caseload predictions in regards to NCDs and for preventive program planning.
Keywords: Health, Behavior Monitoring & Research, tobacco, alcohol, physical activity,health indicators.
KARAKTERISTIK EPIDEMIOLOGI KASUS-KASUS FLU BURUNG DI INDONESIA JULI 2005 - OKT 2006
Written by Endang R. Sedyaningsih, Vivi Setiawaty, Lutfah Rif�ati, Syahrial Harun, Bambang Heriyanto, et al
Abstract. Influenza A (H5N1) human cases started to be reported since 1997. In Indonesia, the first human cases were reported in July 2005, as a cluster consisted of a father and two daughters; two of them were fatal confirmed cases. As of 31 October 2006, 72 cases have been identified (25 were classified into 10 clusters) with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 76.4%. The patients were from 9 (27%) of the 33 provinces in Indonesia. The ratio between male and female patients was 4 to 3, with an extremely high CFR of the women (87%). Most patients were of young adult ages, 39% of them were less than 15 years old. Indirect and direct contact with sick or dead poultry was reported from 81% of these confirmed cases.
Keywords: Avian Influenza, case fatality rate, poultry contact, Indonesia, case characteristics.
Abstract. Influenza A (H5N1) human cases started to be reported since 1997. In Indonesia, the first human cases were reported in July 2005, as a cluster consisted of a father and two daughters; two of them were fatal confirmed cases. As of 31 October 2006, 72 cases have been identified (25 were classified into 10 clusters) with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 76.4%. The patients were from 9 (27%) of the 33 provinces in Indonesia. The ratio between male and female patients was 4 to 3, with an extremely high CFR of the women (87%). Most patients were of young adult ages, 39% of them were less than 15 years old. Indirect and direct contact with sick or dead poultry was reported from 81% of these confirmed cases.
Keywords: Avian Influenza, case fatality rate, poultry contact, Indonesia, case characteristics.
ROLE OF DRAGONFLY (Brachytron pratense) NYMPH AS A BIOCONTROL AGENT OF LARVAL MOSQUITOES
Written by G.Chandra, S.N.Chatterjee and A.Ghosh
Abstract. Influenza A (H5N1) human cases started to be reported since 1997. In Indonesia, the first human cases were reported in July 2005, as a cluster consisted of a father and two daughters; two of them were fatal confirmed cases. As of 31 October 2006, 72 cases have been identified (25 were classified into 10 clusters) with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 76.4%. The Abstract. The failure of traditional vector control operations through chemical insecticides renewed interest in biological control method. In the present study Dragonfly (Brachytron pratense) nymph has been proved to be a strong biocontrol agent of Anopheles subpictus larvae in the laboratory condition. Average daily larval feeding rate of B. pratense nymph decreased when the search area was increased. Feeding rate increased when prey density was increased. In the field conditions also, B. pratense played very effective role as predator of different species of larval mosquitoes.
Keywords: Brachytron pratense, nymph, mosquitoes, biocontrol, search area, prey, predator.
Abstract. Influenza A (H5N1) human cases started to be reported since 1997. In Indonesia, the first human cases were reported in July 2005, as a cluster consisted of a father and two daughters; two of them were fatal confirmed cases. As of 31 October 2006, 72 cases have been identified (25 were classified into 10 clusters) with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 76.4%. The Abstract. The failure of traditional vector control operations through chemical insecticides renewed interest in biological control method. In the present study Dragonfly (Brachytron pratense) nymph has been proved to be a strong biocontrol agent of Anopheles subpictus larvae in the laboratory condition. Average daily larval feeding rate of B. pratense nymph decreased when the search area was increased. Feeding rate increased when prey density was increased. In the field conditions also, B. pratense played very effective role as predator of different species of larval mosquitoes.
Keywords: Brachytron pratense, nymph, mosquitoes, biocontrol, search area, prey, predator.
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