By: Pranoto Direktorat Jenderal PPM & PLP
Keywords: Aedes aegypti; larvae growth; buletin penelitian kesehatanSubject: AEDES; JUVENILE HORMONES
A study to evaluate the efficacy of an insect growth regulator {IAR) methoprene 1.3% (trade name: Allosid G) against Aedes aegypti larvae was conducted in Jakarta from November 1991 through March 1992. The study was conducted by uniformly scattering 1.3% a methoprene in bottom of metal drums filled with 50 liter of regular tap water. Total of 24 drums were utilized for the study with 20 of them given varied dosage rate 0/0.315 gr, 0.625 gr, 1.25 gr, 2.5 gr and 5 gr. Four of the drums without IGR were used for control. One hundred 2 days old larvae of Ae. aegypti were poured into each drum weekly for total of 14 weeks. Also subsequently 25% (total of 12.5 liter) of water from each drum was taken out and replaced with same amount of regular tap water weekly for same period (14 weeks). Observation of larvae growth in the water taken out of the drum was carried by counting the number of dead and alive pupae. Living pupae were transferred into a paper cup covered with mosquito net for further observation number of pupae and adults died and alive. A split plot design was performed using 4 replicates for each application and regression analysis was applied to analysis the data. Efficacy of the IGR in each treatment was calculated through the percentage calculation of efficacy of each replicate devided by four. Weekly efficacy of IGR was calculated as follows: number of died pupae and number of died adults devided by total number of died pupae, number of died adults and number adults alive multiplied by 100%. The trial showed that 100% mortality occured three weeks after treatment, and it decreased from 100% to 91.56% and 99.25% 14 weeks after treatment.
Showing posts with label Environment;. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Environment;. Show all posts
28 March 2008
THE EFFECTIVENESS LEVEL OF HOTEL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN YOGYAKARTA
Written by Hendro Martono, Nanang Besmanto, Athena Anwar dan Sukar
Abstract; In the period of 2002 � 2003, a study was performed to assess the effectiveness of hotels� wastewater treatment plants in reducing wastewater pollutant contents in Yogyakarta. There were 11 hotels surveyed, with 44 wastewater samples analysed in the parameters of BOD, COD, TDS, and detergent .The effectiveness degrees of the wastewater treatment plant in reducing pollutants in 2002 for the above parameters were 72.72 % (BOD), 45.45 % (COD), 90.90 % (TDS), and 90.90 % (detergent). While those for 2003the degrees of pollutant removal were 45.45 %, 27.27 %, 81.81 %, and 90.90 % for the parameters of BOD, COD, TDS, and detergent respectively. It was meant that for the parameters of BOD, COD, TDS, and detergent, the effectiveness degree of the plants in 2003 for reducing the pollutants was decreasing as many as 27.27 %, 17.73 %, 9.09 % and 0.0 % respectively compared to those in 2002. Then, average level of the plant capability in reducing pollutant content in 2002 for the parameters of BOD, COD, TDS, and detergent were 72.28 %, 66.5 %, 74.7 %, and 56.3 % respectively., and those in 2003 were 56.7 %, 59.5 %, 74.5 %, and 37.5 % respectively, so the decreasing level of the plant capability for each parameters were 15.8 %, 7.0 %, 0.2 %, and 18.8 %. The average contents of BOD, COD ,and TDS in outlet of the plants were 38.45 mg/l, 108.27 mg/l, and 20,7 mg/l respectively (2002), and 38.90 mg/l, 97.5 mg/l, and 34.09 mg/l respectively (2003). Improvement of the wastewater treatment plant performance especially was needed to reduce the parameters of BOD and COD.
Key words: wastewater, treatment plant, effectiveness, Yogyakarta
Abstract; In the period of 2002 � 2003, a study was performed to assess the effectiveness of hotels� wastewater treatment plants in reducing wastewater pollutant contents in Yogyakarta. There were 11 hotels surveyed, with 44 wastewater samples analysed in the parameters of BOD, COD, TDS, and detergent .The effectiveness degrees of the wastewater treatment plant in reducing pollutants in 2002 for the above parameters were 72.72 % (BOD), 45.45 % (COD), 90.90 % (TDS), and 90.90 % (detergent). While those for 2003the degrees of pollutant removal were 45.45 %, 27.27 %, 81.81 %, and 90.90 % for the parameters of BOD, COD, TDS, and detergent respectively. It was meant that for the parameters of BOD, COD, TDS, and detergent, the effectiveness degree of the plants in 2003 for reducing the pollutants was decreasing as many as 27.27 %, 17.73 %, 9.09 % and 0.0 % respectively compared to those in 2002. Then, average level of the plant capability in reducing pollutant content in 2002 for the parameters of BOD, COD, TDS, and detergent were 72.28 %, 66.5 %, 74.7 %, and 56.3 % respectively., and those in 2003 were 56.7 %, 59.5 %, 74.5 %, and 37.5 % respectively, so the decreasing level of the plant capability for each parameters were 15.8 %, 7.0 %, 0.2 %, and 18.8 %. The average contents of BOD, COD ,and TDS in outlet of the plants were 38.45 mg/l, 108.27 mg/l, and 20,7 mg/l respectively (2002), and 38.90 mg/l, 97.5 mg/l, and 34.09 mg/l respectively (2003). Improvement of the wastewater treatment plant performance especially was needed to reduce the parameters of BOD and COD.
Key words: wastewater, treatment plant, effectiveness, Yogyakarta
CARRIER OF MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS OF INDONESIAN HAJJ PILGRIMS IN 1993-2003
Written by Sarwo Handayani
Abstract. Research and routine survey of meningococcal meningitis on Indonesian hajj pilgrims have been conducted since 1993 until now. This paper consists of several research and routine survey of meningococcal meningitis during 1993 and 2003. The objectives of the test were determining the meningococcal meningitis carrier on hajj pilgrims, determining the serogroup of N. meningitidis and knowing sensitivity of bacteria to several antibiotics. The result showed increasing of meningococcal meningitis carrier in 1993 up to 1996, that was 1.3% - 9,4% respectively. This proportion of meningococcal meningitis carrier in the case groups decreased after given of rifampicin in 1994 and cyprofloxacin in 1997 as a chemoprophilactic The result of the study in 1997 indiciated that the carrier rate of groups with cyprofloxacin (1.4%) was lower than rifampicin group (14%). Most of the isolated bacteria of N. meningitidis in 1996 and 1997 were resistant to rifampicin (sensitivity test was 0-33%). Serogroup B of N. meningitidis were found dominantly between 1993 and 1999, it changed to be serogroup W135 from 2000 to 2003. The changes related with the majority cases of meningococcal meningitis in another countries that caused by serogroup W135. Because of that since 2002, immunization program has given a tetravalen (serogroup ACYW135) meningococcal vaccine to all of Indonesian haj pilgrims. The carrier of meningococcal meningitis is still found in haj pilgrims and their contact. More attention must be given, caused of meningococcal meningitis serogroup B vaccine is not available. The further researches are needed especially for subtype of N. meningitidis, effectivity of the drug choice and development of meningococcal meningitis vaccine serogroup B.
Key word: meningitis, Neisseria meningitidis, vaccine
Abstract. Research and routine survey of meningococcal meningitis on Indonesian hajj pilgrims have been conducted since 1993 until now. This paper consists of several research and routine survey of meningococcal meningitis during 1993 and 2003. The objectives of the test were determining the meningococcal meningitis carrier on hajj pilgrims, determining the serogroup of N. meningitidis and knowing sensitivity of bacteria to several antibiotics. The result showed increasing of meningococcal meningitis carrier in 1993 up to 1996, that was 1.3% - 9,4% respectively. This proportion of meningococcal meningitis carrier in the case groups decreased after given of rifampicin in 1994 and cyprofloxacin in 1997 as a chemoprophilactic The result of the study in 1997 indiciated that the carrier rate of groups with cyprofloxacin (1.4%) was lower than rifampicin group (14%). Most of the isolated bacteria of N. meningitidis in 1996 and 1997 were resistant to rifampicin (sensitivity test was 0-33%). Serogroup B of N. meningitidis were found dominantly between 1993 and 1999, it changed to be serogroup W135 from 2000 to 2003. The changes related with the majority cases of meningococcal meningitis in another countries that caused by serogroup W135. Because of that since 2002, immunization program has given a tetravalen (serogroup ACYW135) meningococcal vaccine to all of Indonesian haj pilgrims. The carrier of meningococcal meningitis is still found in haj pilgrims and their contact. More attention must be given, caused of meningococcal meningitis serogroup B vaccine is not available. The further researches are needed especially for subtype of N. meningitidis, effectivity of the drug choice and development of meningococcal meningitis vaccine serogroup B.
Key word: meningitis, Neisseria meningitidis, vaccine
MOTHER KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES TOWARDS MALARIA IN CHILDREN, IN SUNGAILIAT SUBDISTRICT BANGKA DISTRICT IN 2005
Written by Yahya, Aprioza Yenni, Santoso, Lasbudi.P.Ambarita
MOTHER KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES TOWARDS MALARIA IN CHILDREN, IN SUNGAILIAT SUBDISTRICT BANGKA DISTRICT IN 2005
Abstract. The research on mother�s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding malaria among children has been conducted in Sungailiat sub-district of Bangka district from April to August 2005. The aim of this research was to know the level of mother�s knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding malaria among children. This sampel were 90 respondents drawn by Simple Random Sampling method. Results of this research show most of the respondents age between 25-40 years. Most of the respondents only graduated from elementary school and were unemployed (63.3%). Forty six respondents have good knowledge (51.1%), 52 respondents have good attitude (57.8%), and 54 respondents have good practice (60%). There was significant difference between mother�s education and occupation with mother�s knowledge on malaria among children (p <0.005). And there was significant difference between mother�s age with her attitude (p=0.009). Based on the result, it is necessary to inform about malaria, the prevention and the treatment of malaria among children. And it is also important to improve patient�s registration system specially for children�s malaria patient by complete the identity (name and address) of patient�s parents which is necessary for finding case, and repeat data update of residents of Sungailiat Sub-district.
Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice (KAP), Malaria, Sungailiat.
MOTHER KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES TOWARDS MALARIA IN CHILDREN, IN SUNGAILIAT SUBDISTRICT BANGKA DISTRICT IN 2005
Abstract. The research on mother�s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding malaria among children has been conducted in Sungailiat sub-district of Bangka district from April to August 2005. The aim of this research was to know the level of mother�s knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding malaria among children. This sampel were 90 respondents drawn by Simple Random Sampling method. Results of this research show most of the respondents age between 25-40 years. Most of the respondents only graduated from elementary school and were unemployed (63.3%). Forty six respondents have good knowledge (51.1%), 52 respondents have good attitude (57.8%), and 54 respondents have good practice (60%). There was significant difference between mother�s education and occupation with mother�s knowledge on malaria among children (p <0.005). And there was significant difference between mother�s age with her attitude (p=0.009). Based on the result, it is necessary to inform about malaria, the prevention and the treatment of malaria among children. And it is also important to improve patient�s registration system specially for children�s malaria patient by complete the identity (name and address) of patient�s parents which is necessary for finding case, and repeat data update of residents of Sungailiat Sub-district.
Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice (KAP), Malaria, Sungailiat.
Women and Child Health and Malaria in Papua (Keerom and Merauke).A Qualitative Study (KAP)
Written by Katarina Greifeld, Dianne van Oosterhout, Marlina Flassy, Rachmalina,Erwin Nur Rifah dan Fatmawati
Abstrak. Fokus dari artikel ini adalah pada pengertian setempat mengenai kesehatan dan penyakit, terutama yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan ibu dan anak juga malaria di Papua. Disini diperlihatkan perbedaan yang ada antara apa yang dipikirkan dan yang dilakukan, dan apa yang ditawarkan oleh pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat. Hasilnya berasal dari studi kualitatif KAP (pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku) yang dilakukan pada musim kemarau 2005. Istilah setempat mengenai tubuh dan penyakit akan dibahas, seperti konsep yang berhubungan dengan pantangan (taboo) dan kekerasan mereka, serta keinginan khusus yang berhubungan dengan makanan untuk anak dan ibu. Disini ditunjukkan pengaruh dari dukun, lebih khusus, konsep dari kotoran dan darah yang mempengaruhi perilaku pengobatan mereka, itu berarti atau perilaku dan tradisi setempat, atau dengan pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat. Disini dibahas, bagaimana pelayanan bisa lebih peka pada budaya setempat, sehingga pada akhirnya masyarakat mau datang ke pelayanan kesehatan di desa, seperti pustus, polindes atau puskesmas, yang mungkin dapat memberikan hasil positif pada kesehatan mereka.
Key words: women & child health, malaria, qualitative study (KAP), public health services, Papua.
Abstrak. Fokus dari artikel ini adalah pada pengertian setempat mengenai kesehatan dan penyakit, terutama yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan ibu dan anak juga malaria di Papua. Disini diperlihatkan perbedaan yang ada antara apa yang dipikirkan dan yang dilakukan, dan apa yang ditawarkan oleh pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat. Hasilnya berasal dari studi kualitatif KAP (pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku) yang dilakukan pada musim kemarau 2005. Istilah setempat mengenai tubuh dan penyakit akan dibahas, seperti konsep yang berhubungan dengan pantangan (taboo) dan kekerasan mereka, serta keinginan khusus yang berhubungan dengan makanan untuk anak dan ibu. Disini ditunjukkan pengaruh dari dukun, lebih khusus, konsep dari kotoran dan darah yang mempengaruhi perilaku pengobatan mereka, itu berarti atau perilaku dan tradisi setempat, atau dengan pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat. Disini dibahas, bagaimana pelayanan bisa lebih peka pada budaya setempat, sehingga pada akhirnya masyarakat mau datang ke pelayanan kesehatan di desa, seperti pustus, polindes atau puskesmas, yang mungkin dapat memberikan hasil positif pada kesehatan mereka.
Key words: women & child health, malaria, qualitative study (KAP), public health services, Papua.
ANTIFERTILITY EFFECTS OF SOM JAWA (Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.)ROOT EXTRACT ON MALE MICE (Mus musculus L.)
Written by Tetri Widiyani
Abstract. Talinum paniculatum Gaertn commonly is used as aphrodisiac herb. Phytosterol, saponin, flavonoid and tannin of the herb have a certain bioactivity and may affect to the body system. The objective of this research was to examine the antifertility effects of som jawa (Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.) root extract (SJRE) on male mice (Mus musculus L.). Twenty male mice were divided into 4 groups randomly with 5 replications. SJRE was dissolved in aquadest and given orally everyday for 34 days. The treatment dosages were 0 (control), 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW. At 35th day mice were sacrificed and sectioned to remove testes and epididymis spermatozoas. Testes were sectioned using paraffin method and stained using Haematoxyllin-Eosin. Spermatogenic cells in each seminiferous tubule were counted to investigated spermatogenesis activity of testes. Epididymis sperm suspension was used to investigate sperm quality i.e: morphology, velocity and motility. Quantitatives data were analized using ANOVA and continued DMRT on 5% significance level. The result showed SJRE had antifertility effects on male mice (Mus musculus L.) could inhibit spermatogenesis (decrease the spermatogenic cells count) and decrease the sperm quality (increase percentage of abnormal sperm, decrease sperm motility and also decrease sperm velocity).
Key words: Talinum paniculatum Gaertn., spermatogenesis, spermatozoa, Mus musculus L.
Abstract. Talinum paniculatum Gaertn commonly is used as aphrodisiac herb. Phytosterol, saponin, flavonoid and tannin of the herb have a certain bioactivity and may affect to the body system. The objective of this research was to examine the antifertility effects of som jawa (Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.) root extract (SJRE) on male mice (Mus musculus L.). Twenty male mice were divided into 4 groups randomly with 5 replications. SJRE was dissolved in aquadest and given orally everyday for 34 days. The treatment dosages were 0 (control), 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW. At 35th day mice were sacrificed and sectioned to remove testes and epididymis spermatozoas. Testes were sectioned using paraffin method and stained using Haematoxyllin-Eosin. Spermatogenic cells in each seminiferous tubule were counted to investigated spermatogenesis activity of testes. Epididymis sperm suspension was used to investigate sperm quality i.e: morphology, velocity and motility. Quantitatives data were analized using ANOVA and continued DMRT on 5% significance level. The result showed SJRE had antifertility effects on male mice (Mus musculus L.) could inhibit spermatogenesis (decrease the spermatogenic cells count) and decrease the sperm quality (increase percentage of abnormal sperm, decrease sperm motility and also decrease sperm velocity).
Key words: Talinum paniculatum Gaertn., spermatogenesis, spermatozoa, Mus musculus L.
BSLT DARI BERBAGAI FRAKSI EKSTRAK DAGING BUAH DAN KULIT BIJI MAHKOTA DEWA
Written by Vivi Lisdawati, Sumali Wiryowidagdo, L.Broto S. Kardono
Abstract. Biological activity of a natural product involved in several certain characteristics will influence its pharmaceutical application. Secondary metabolites, considered as chemical compounds, are now thought to mediate plant defense mechanism by providing chemical barriers against animal and microbial predators. Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method has been used as preliminary test for screening the activity of chemical compounds in n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts from mesocarp and seeds of Phaleria macrocarpa, fam. Thymelaeaceae. BSLT method used shrimp larvas of Artemia salina L. to study the mortality effect that was caused by the sample extracts. All of crude extracts showed bioactivity with LC50 values from 0.16 to 11.83�g/ml (baseline 1000 �g/ml). It means, at the concentration the crude extracts can cause 50% mortality of A. salina L. shrimp larvas, after 24 hours incubation. These results clearly indicate that crude extracts of P. macrocarpa showed high potential biological activity.
Keywords: Brine Shrimp Lethality Test, fruit of Phaleria macrocarpa, LC50 (lethal concentration).
Abstract. Biological activity of a natural product involved in several certain characteristics will influence its pharmaceutical application. Secondary metabolites, considered as chemical compounds, are now thought to mediate plant defense mechanism by providing chemical barriers against animal and microbial predators. Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method has been used as preliminary test for screening the activity of chemical compounds in n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts from mesocarp and seeds of Phaleria macrocarpa, fam. Thymelaeaceae. BSLT method used shrimp larvas of Artemia salina L. to study the mortality effect that was caused by the sample extracts. All of crude extracts showed bioactivity with LC50 values from 0.16 to 11.83�g/ml (baseline 1000 �g/ml). It means, at the concentration the crude extracts can cause 50% mortality of A. salina L. shrimp larvas, after 24 hours incubation. These results clearly indicate that crude extracts of P. macrocarpa showed high potential biological activity.
Keywords: Brine Shrimp Lethality Test, fruit of Phaleria macrocarpa, LC50 (lethal concentration).
SPOT SURVEY RESERVOIR LEPTOSPIROSIS DI DESA BAKUNG, KECAMATAN JOGONALAN, KABUPATEN KLATEN, JATENG
Written by Ristiyanto, Farida D.H, Gambiro dan Sri Wahyuni
Abstract. Leptospirosis outbreak was occurred in Klaten district, Central Java, in June 2005. This outbreak was caused dead case out of 4 cases (Case fatality rate 25%). The Lepto-spirosis reservoir spot survey was conducted in Bakung village, Jogonalan sub district, Klaten district, Central Java, in July 2005. The aim of the study was to discover the prevalence of leptospirosis and the diversity of rats. The methods use was rats trapping and serology test, for leptospira. The result of the study found 3 kinds of rats species, i. e. Rattus tanezumi (in houses) , Bandicota indica, R. tiomanicus (in rice field) and 1 species of shrew Suncus murinus. In addition to that, it was found that R. tanezumi (6.82% of 44 rats) was infected by Leptospira bataviae, L. autumnalis and L. icterohemorrhagiae.
Keywords : Leptospirosis, reservoir, tikus, spot survey.
Abstract. Leptospirosis outbreak was occurred in Klaten district, Central Java, in June 2005. This outbreak was caused dead case out of 4 cases (Case fatality rate 25%). The Lepto-spirosis reservoir spot survey was conducted in Bakung village, Jogonalan sub district, Klaten district, Central Java, in July 2005. The aim of the study was to discover the prevalence of leptospirosis and the diversity of rats. The methods use was rats trapping and serology test, for leptospira. The result of the study found 3 kinds of rats species, i. e. Rattus tanezumi (in houses) , Bandicota indica, R. tiomanicus (in rice field) and 1 species of shrew Suncus murinus. In addition to that, it was found that R. tanezumi (6.82% of 44 rats) was infected by Leptospira bataviae, L. autumnalis and L. icterohemorrhagiae.
Keywords : Leptospirosis, reservoir, tikus, spot survey.
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