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Showing posts with label HEALTH. Show all posts
Showing posts with label HEALTH. Show all posts
02 August 2008
21 May 2008
LIFE STYLE AND HEALTHY LIFE STYLE, CHALLENGE OF HEALTH PROMOTION IN INDONESIA
Penulis: Ari W.
Life style and healthy life style, nowadays is sexy vocabulary, becoming sale of which in demand beloved. Nowadays, industrial world of paper media and electronic there are many merchandises on the market which behalf of life style and healthy life style. Moreover, become an obligation by all practitioners of marketing and advertisement to know life style of all consumers, satisfied or altered by life style and healthy life style of them. It is existence of industrial world nowadays, and we snared depth, as fish in fish trap. There is no help for it, which is civilization anathema. In addition, every life style - healthy or not healthy - which we experience consciousness and unconscious, there is fare in it; there is price to be paid - pre or post of - that style. So, properly become together apprehension.About that life styleThere are various understanding concerning life style, depended where from we are importance see. Like marketing, for this people, difference or equality among age, residence, tribe, religion, national and nationality, education level, income level, was not yet depict nothing. That newly demographic category or replied "who is our consumer". However, for market sniper, there is more important, that is what led by existing them (segmentation of psychograph) - what they buy and where they earn to be reached. What is there led them, that one of the modern market segmentation way. What is there led by consumer is AIO (A=Activity, I=Interest, O=Opinion). Result of AIO this is so-called life style, which in understanding of marketing: Life style is how someone pass the time and money matter. Knowing this means know what can be sold to them, where, or way of how they earn to be reached.More detail about this article can read in so many references, such as “Membidik Pasar Indonesia - Rhenald Kasali, Gramedia Jakarta 2001”.Description in this article just only simply comparison between understanding and life style analysis from of health side or Healthy Life Style.Life style - from eyesight of healthIn health promotion glossary (WHO 1998), formulated understanding as following:Lifestyle is a way of living based on identifiable patterns of behavior that are determined by the interplay between and individual's persona characteristics, social interactions, and socioeconomic and environmental living condition.Behavioral patterns will always differ in environment or situation of social different, and always change, nothing that remains to (fixed). Individual life style, which is characteristically with individual behavior pattern, will give impact at individual's health and then at other's health. In "health" someone's life style can altered by individual enable to be changing his life style, but not only change at just individual, but also change environment of social life condition and influencing behavioral pattern of him.Have to realize that there no standard rule order concerning life style, which is "same and compatible" which across the board. Cultures, earnings, family structure, age, physical ability, house environment and workplace environment, was creating various "style" and more interesting life condition, can be applied and accepted.Same weapon: different aimAll marketer see life styles with analysis of AIO, for the purpose of so that precisely in penetration of service and goods which on the market.All health promotions see life style with analysis of AIO, in order to be more recognizing society and can develop healthy life style promotion that orient to society or client.The difference with all marketers is, all promoters compare life style of society with health standard, change it when inappropriate.Then, what intention both of vision of life style by marketing side and promotion elaborated in this article? It is only one, enriching each other. We mutually agree to, in the case of life style, cause and appearance (matters able to identify) at everyone and group, sure differ. Activity (A), Interest (I) and Opinion (O) of each people are differing, so intervention even also has to differ.And Vientiane has declarationFor example signing by Dr Achmad Sujudi, Minister for Public Health Indonesia, in Republic Laos 15 March 2002, in capital of Vientiane, was born Declaration of Vientiane concerning Healthy Life Style of ASEAN - sign by ten minister health of state of ASEAN. This Declaration interpretation life style as behavior practice and social practice supporting health and is reflection of value assess and spirit of society and group where resident live and spend most the lives of to fulfill economical life, social, and physical environment.So important healthy life style so that all health ministers specify vision "in the year 2000 all residents of ASEAN will go to healthy life style, as according to life value, culture and trust of ASEAN, in environment supporting".Here in after formulated by various priority area, depended of condition of health of each states.Indonesia and healthy life style promotion challengeIn Indonesia given high priority at three areas that is: eating fruit and vegetable, physical activity and do not smoke. Third election of this area is based on tendency of change of disease pattern in Indonesia where disease of cardiovascular, metabolic and degenerative more and more mount, and role of life style very determine, ad for as unexpected factor and as mode therapy.Is not an academic abstract that require to be disputed again that lifestyle sedentary, low food of fiber, smoke habit, is cause of cardiovascular disease, obesity and followers disease, and various disease of degenerative and metabolic disease. In consequence, in prevention and handling of disease of this disease always started by “life style modification". That means health promotion and education. The challenge is can we follow life style promotion like life style promotion from industrial world. Health promotion during the time impress monotone, lose looks, less incessant, less fund, less provocative and suggestive, almost like bureaucrat public relation. However, one of the step defeat competitor (unhealthy life style bargain) is wearing sameness step. Health is life style do not desist at slogan of rhetoric only.
Life style and healthy life style, nowadays is sexy vocabulary, becoming sale of which in demand beloved. Nowadays, industrial world of paper media and electronic there are many merchandises on the market which behalf of life style and healthy life style. Moreover, become an obligation by all practitioners of marketing and advertisement to know life style of all consumers, satisfied or altered by life style and healthy life style of them. It is existence of industrial world nowadays, and we snared depth, as fish in fish trap. There is no help for it, which is civilization anathema. In addition, every life style - healthy or not healthy - which we experience consciousness and unconscious, there is fare in it; there is price to be paid - pre or post of - that style. So, properly become together apprehension.About that life styleThere are various understanding concerning life style, depended where from we are importance see. Like marketing, for this people, difference or equality among age, residence, tribe, religion, national and nationality, education level, income level, was not yet depict nothing. That newly demographic category or replied "who is our consumer". However, for market sniper, there is more important, that is what led by existing them (segmentation of psychograph) - what they buy and where they earn to be reached. What is there led them, that one of the modern market segmentation way. What is there led by consumer is AIO (A=Activity, I=Interest, O=Opinion). Result of AIO this is so-called life style, which in understanding of marketing: Life style is how someone pass the time and money matter. Knowing this means know what can be sold to them, where, or way of how they earn to be reached.More detail about this article can read in so many references, such as “Membidik Pasar Indonesia - Rhenald Kasali, Gramedia Jakarta 2001”.Description in this article just only simply comparison between understanding and life style analysis from of health side or Healthy Life Style.Life style - from eyesight of healthIn health promotion glossary (WHO 1998), formulated understanding as following:Lifestyle is a way of living based on identifiable patterns of behavior that are determined by the interplay between and individual's persona characteristics, social interactions, and socioeconomic and environmental living condition.Behavioral patterns will always differ in environment or situation of social different, and always change, nothing that remains to (fixed). Individual life style, which is characteristically with individual behavior pattern, will give impact at individual's health and then at other's health. In "health" someone's life style can altered by individual enable to be changing his life style, but not only change at just individual, but also change environment of social life condition and influencing behavioral pattern of him.Have to realize that there no standard rule order concerning life style, which is "same and compatible" which across the board. Cultures, earnings, family structure, age, physical ability, house environment and workplace environment, was creating various "style" and more interesting life condition, can be applied and accepted.Same weapon: different aimAll marketer see life styles with analysis of AIO, for the purpose of so that precisely in penetration of service and goods which on the market.All health promotions see life style with analysis of AIO, in order to be more recognizing society and can develop healthy life style promotion that orient to society or client.The difference with all marketers is, all promoters compare life style of society with health standard, change it when inappropriate.Then, what intention both of vision of life style by marketing side and promotion elaborated in this article? It is only one, enriching each other. We mutually agree to, in the case of life style, cause and appearance (matters able to identify) at everyone and group, sure differ. Activity (A), Interest (I) and Opinion (O) of each people are differing, so intervention even also has to differ.And Vientiane has declarationFor example signing by Dr Achmad Sujudi, Minister for Public Health Indonesia, in Republic Laos 15 March 2002, in capital of Vientiane, was born Declaration of Vientiane concerning Healthy Life Style of ASEAN - sign by ten minister health of state of ASEAN. This Declaration interpretation life style as behavior practice and social practice supporting health and is reflection of value assess and spirit of society and group where resident live and spend most the lives of to fulfill economical life, social, and physical environment.So important healthy life style so that all health ministers specify vision "in the year 2000 all residents of ASEAN will go to healthy life style, as according to life value, culture and trust of ASEAN, in environment supporting".Here in after formulated by various priority area, depended of condition of health of each states.Indonesia and healthy life style promotion challengeIn Indonesia given high priority at three areas that is: eating fruit and vegetable, physical activity and do not smoke. Third election of this area is based on tendency of change of disease pattern in Indonesia where disease of cardiovascular, metabolic and degenerative more and more mount, and role of life style very determine, ad for as unexpected factor and as mode therapy.Is not an academic abstract that require to be disputed again that lifestyle sedentary, low food of fiber, smoke habit, is cause of cardiovascular disease, obesity and followers disease, and various disease of degenerative and metabolic disease. In consequence, in prevention and handling of disease of this disease always started by “life style modification". That means health promotion and education. The challenge is can we follow life style promotion like life style promotion from industrial world. Health promotion during the time impress monotone, lose looks, less incessant, less fund, less provocative and suggestive, almost like bureaucrat public relation. However, one of the step defeat competitor (unhealthy life style bargain) is wearing sameness step. Health is life style do not desist at slogan of rhetoric only.
28 March 2008
Pengaruh Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) Altosid 1,3 G terhadap Populasi Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti Linneus
By: Pranoto Direktorat Jenderal PPM & PLP
Keywords: Aedes aegypti; larvae growth; buletin penelitian kesehatanSubject: AEDES; JUVENILE HORMONES
A study to evaluate the efficacy of an insect growth regulator {IAR) methoprene 1.3% (trade name: Allosid G) against Aedes aegypti larvae was conducted in Jakarta from November 1991 through March 1992. The study was conducted by uniformly scattering 1.3% a methoprene in bottom of metal drums filled with 50 liter of regular tap water. Total of 24 drums were utilized for the study with 20 of them given varied dosage rate 0/0.315 gr, 0.625 gr, 1.25 gr, 2.5 gr and 5 gr. Four of the drums without IGR were used for control. One hundred 2 days old larvae of Ae. aegypti were poured into each drum weekly for total of 14 weeks. Also subsequently 25% (total of 12.5 liter) of water from each drum was taken out and replaced with same amount of regular tap water weekly for same period (14 weeks). Observation of larvae growth in the water taken out of the drum was carried by counting the number of dead and alive pupae. Living pupae were transferred into a paper cup covered with mosquito net for further observation number of pupae and adults died and alive. A split plot design was performed using 4 replicates for each application and regression analysis was applied to analysis the data. Efficacy of the IGR in each treatment was calculated through the percentage calculation of efficacy of each replicate devided by four. Weekly efficacy of IGR was calculated as follows: number of died pupae and number of died adults devided by total number of died pupae, number of died adults and number adults alive multiplied by 100%. The trial showed that 100% mortality occured three weeks after treatment, and it decreased from 100% to 91.56% and 99.25% 14 weeks after treatment.
Keywords: Aedes aegypti; larvae growth; buletin penelitian kesehatanSubject: AEDES; JUVENILE HORMONES
A study to evaluate the efficacy of an insect growth regulator {IAR) methoprene 1.3% (trade name: Allosid G) against Aedes aegypti larvae was conducted in Jakarta from November 1991 through March 1992. The study was conducted by uniformly scattering 1.3% a methoprene in bottom of metal drums filled with 50 liter of regular tap water. Total of 24 drums were utilized for the study with 20 of them given varied dosage rate 0/0.315 gr, 0.625 gr, 1.25 gr, 2.5 gr and 5 gr. Four of the drums without IGR were used for control. One hundred 2 days old larvae of Ae. aegypti were poured into each drum weekly for total of 14 weeks. Also subsequently 25% (total of 12.5 liter) of water from each drum was taken out and replaced with same amount of regular tap water weekly for same period (14 weeks). Observation of larvae growth in the water taken out of the drum was carried by counting the number of dead and alive pupae. Living pupae were transferred into a paper cup covered with mosquito net for further observation number of pupae and adults died and alive. A split plot design was performed using 4 replicates for each application and regression analysis was applied to analysis the data. Efficacy of the IGR in each treatment was calculated through the percentage calculation of efficacy of each replicate devided by four. Weekly efficacy of IGR was calculated as follows: number of died pupae and number of died adults devided by total number of died pupae, number of died adults and number adults alive multiplied by 100%. The trial showed that 100% mortality occured three weeks after treatment, and it decreased from 100% to 91.56% and 99.25% 14 weeks after treatment.
Health Services Research Series 23, 2007: Ketaatan Pasien Minum Obat Tuberkulosis dengan Metode Cara Belajar Ibu Aktif (CBIA) di Kota Yogyakarta
By: Avy Susantini Program Pascasarjana Universitas Gadjah Mada: Perpustakaan Fakultas Kedoktera Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Farmako No. 1, Bulak Sumur Yogyakarta
Keywords: TuberkulosisSubject: TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY
Lung tuberculosis disease is a chronic infection disease, which becomes the third greatest cause of death after heart and respiratory tract diseases. Indonesia has the third biggest number of TB patients in the world. Failure or drop out in medication and relapse are caused among others by incompliance to anti tuberculosis drug taking Improve knowledge and attitude against tuberculosis drug taking compliance. The objective of this study is to find out whether education intervention through active mother learning method could improve knowledge attitude and behavior of lung tuberculosis patients in efforts to increase compliance to anti tuberculosis drug taking at Yogyakarta Municipality. The study was quasi-experimental method with control group. The subject of the study was new adult lung tuberculosis patients living and seeking medication at community health center of Yogyakarta Municipality during September-November 2005. The subject was divided in to 2 groups, experiment group given educational intervention with active mother learning method and control group was not. During the study in-depth interview was made to non-compliant subject. Research analysis used wilocoxon test.The result of this study showed that the implementation of educational intervention with active mother learning method could significantly increase knowledge of tuberculosis drug taking. The attitude of research object against compliance to tuberculosis drug taking improved significantly. There was no decrease of drug compliance from initial to final medication among experiment group whereas among control group there was a tendency from becoming compliant to non compliant as much as 12.5%.
Keywords: TuberkulosisSubject: TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY
Lung tuberculosis disease is a chronic infection disease, which becomes the third greatest cause of death after heart and respiratory tract diseases. Indonesia has the third biggest number of TB patients in the world. Failure or drop out in medication and relapse are caused among others by incompliance to anti tuberculosis drug taking Improve knowledge and attitude against tuberculosis drug taking compliance. The objective of this study is to find out whether education intervention through active mother learning method could improve knowledge attitude and behavior of lung tuberculosis patients in efforts to increase compliance to anti tuberculosis drug taking at Yogyakarta Municipality. The study was quasi-experimental method with control group. The subject of the study was new adult lung tuberculosis patients living and seeking medication at community health center of Yogyakarta Municipality during September-November 2005. The subject was divided in to 2 groups, experiment group given educational intervention with active mother learning method and control group was not. During the study in-depth interview was made to non-compliant subject. Research analysis used wilocoxon test.The result of this study showed that the implementation of educational intervention with active mother learning method could significantly increase knowledge of tuberculosis drug taking. The attitude of research object against compliance to tuberculosis drug taking improved significantly. There was no decrease of drug compliance from initial to final medication among experiment group whereas among control group there was a tendency from becoming compliant to non compliant as much as 12.5%.
THE EFFECTIVENESS LEVEL OF HOTEL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN YOGYAKARTA
Written by Hendro Martono, Nanang Besmanto, Athena Anwar dan Sukar
Abstract; In the period of 2002 � 2003, a study was performed to assess the effectiveness of hotels� wastewater treatment plants in reducing wastewater pollutant contents in Yogyakarta. There were 11 hotels surveyed, with 44 wastewater samples analysed in the parameters of BOD, COD, TDS, and detergent .The effectiveness degrees of the wastewater treatment plant in reducing pollutants in 2002 for the above parameters were 72.72 % (BOD), 45.45 % (COD), 90.90 % (TDS), and 90.90 % (detergent). While those for 2003the degrees of pollutant removal were 45.45 %, 27.27 %, 81.81 %, and 90.90 % for the parameters of BOD, COD, TDS, and detergent respectively. It was meant that for the parameters of BOD, COD, TDS, and detergent, the effectiveness degree of the plants in 2003 for reducing the pollutants was decreasing as many as 27.27 %, 17.73 %, 9.09 % and 0.0 % respectively compared to those in 2002. Then, average level of the plant capability in reducing pollutant content in 2002 for the parameters of BOD, COD, TDS, and detergent were 72.28 %, 66.5 %, 74.7 %, and 56.3 % respectively., and those in 2003 were 56.7 %, 59.5 %, 74.5 %, and 37.5 % respectively, so the decreasing level of the plant capability for each parameters were 15.8 %, 7.0 %, 0.2 %, and 18.8 %. The average contents of BOD, COD ,and TDS in outlet of the plants were 38.45 mg/l, 108.27 mg/l, and 20,7 mg/l respectively (2002), and 38.90 mg/l, 97.5 mg/l, and 34.09 mg/l respectively (2003). Improvement of the wastewater treatment plant performance especially was needed to reduce the parameters of BOD and COD.
Key words: wastewater, treatment plant, effectiveness, Yogyakarta
Abstract; In the period of 2002 � 2003, a study was performed to assess the effectiveness of hotels� wastewater treatment plants in reducing wastewater pollutant contents in Yogyakarta. There were 11 hotels surveyed, with 44 wastewater samples analysed in the parameters of BOD, COD, TDS, and detergent .The effectiveness degrees of the wastewater treatment plant in reducing pollutants in 2002 for the above parameters were 72.72 % (BOD), 45.45 % (COD), 90.90 % (TDS), and 90.90 % (detergent). While those for 2003the degrees of pollutant removal were 45.45 %, 27.27 %, 81.81 %, and 90.90 % for the parameters of BOD, COD, TDS, and detergent respectively. It was meant that for the parameters of BOD, COD, TDS, and detergent, the effectiveness degree of the plants in 2003 for reducing the pollutants was decreasing as many as 27.27 %, 17.73 %, 9.09 % and 0.0 % respectively compared to those in 2002. Then, average level of the plant capability in reducing pollutant content in 2002 for the parameters of BOD, COD, TDS, and detergent were 72.28 %, 66.5 %, 74.7 %, and 56.3 % respectively., and those in 2003 were 56.7 %, 59.5 %, 74.5 %, and 37.5 % respectively, so the decreasing level of the plant capability for each parameters were 15.8 %, 7.0 %, 0.2 %, and 18.8 %. The average contents of BOD, COD ,and TDS in outlet of the plants were 38.45 mg/l, 108.27 mg/l, and 20,7 mg/l respectively (2002), and 38.90 mg/l, 97.5 mg/l, and 34.09 mg/l respectively (2003). Improvement of the wastewater treatment plant performance especially was needed to reduce the parameters of BOD and COD.
Key words: wastewater, treatment plant, effectiveness, Yogyakarta
CARRIER OF MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS OF INDONESIAN HAJJ PILGRIMS IN 1993-2003
Written by Sarwo Handayani
Abstract. Research and routine survey of meningococcal meningitis on Indonesian hajj pilgrims have been conducted since 1993 until now. This paper consists of several research and routine survey of meningococcal meningitis during 1993 and 2003. The objectives of the test were determining the meningococcal meningitis carrier on hajj pilgrims, determining the serogroup of N. meningitidis and knowing sensitivity of bacteria to several antibiotics. The result showed increasing of meningococcal meningitis carrier in 1993 up to 1996, that was 1.3% - 9,4% respectively. This proportion of meningococcal meningitis carrier in the case groups decreased after given of rifampicin in 1994 and cyprofloxacin in 1997 as a chemoprophilactic The result of the study in 1997 indiciated that the carrier rate of groups with cyprofloxacin (1.4%) was lower than rifampicin group (14%). Most of the isolated bacteria of N. meningitidis in 1996 and 1997 were resistant to rifampicin (sensitivity test was 0-33%). Serogroup B of N. meningitidis were found dominantly between 1993 and 1999, it changed to be serogroup W135 from 2000 to 2003. The changes related with the majority cases of meningococcal meningitis in another countries that caused by serogroup W135. Because of that since 2002, immunization program has given a tetravalen (serogroup ACYW135) meningococcal vaccine to all of Indonesian haj pilgrims. The carrier of meningococcal meningitis is still found in haj pilgrims and their contact. More attention must be given, caused of meningococcal meningitis serogroup B vaccine is not available. The further researches are needed especially for subtype of N. meningitidis, effectivity of the drug choice and development of meningococcal meningitis vaccine serogroup B.
Key word: meningitis, Neisseria meningitidis, vaccine
Abstract. Research and routine survey of meningococcal meningitis on Indonesian hajj pilgrims have been conducted since 1993 until now. This paper consists of several research and routine survey of meningococcal meningitis during 1993 and 2003. The objectives of the test were determining the meningococcal meningitis carrier on hajj pilgrims, determining the serogroup of N. meningitidis and knowing sensitivity of bacteria to several antibiotics. The result showed increasing of meningococcal meningitis carrier in 1993 up to 1996, that was 1.3% - 9,4% respectively. This proportion of meningococcal meningitis carrier in the case groups decreased after given of rifampicin in 1994 and cyprofloxacin in 1997 as a chemoprophilactic The result of the study in 1997 indiciated that the carrier rate of groups with cyprofloxacin (1.4%) was lower than rifampicin group (14%). Most of the isolated bacteria of N. meningitidis in 1996 and 1997 were resistant to rifampicin (sensitivity test was 0-33%). Serogroup B of N. meningitidis were found dominantly between 1993 and 1999, it changed to be serogroup W135 from 2000 to 2003. The changes related with the majority cases of meningococcal meningitis in another countries that caused by serogroup W135. Because of that since 2002, immunization program has given a tetravalen (serogroup ACYW135) meningococcal vaccine to all of Indonesian haj pilgrims. The carrier of meningococcal meningitis is still found in haj pilgrims and their contact. More attention must be given, caused of meningococcal meningitis serogroup B vaccine is not available. The further researches are needed especially for subtype of N. meningitidis, effectivity of the drug choice and development of meningococcal meningitis vaccine serogroup B.
Key word: meningitis, Neisseria meningitidis, vaccine
THE EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF GALACTOMANNAN DIETARY FIBER FROM THE RESIDUE OF COCONUT KERNEL TO THE INHIBITATION OF THE INCREASED LEVEL OF BLOOD CH
Written by Suryana Purawisastra, Erwin Affandi
Abstract. The high level of blood cholesterol is one of the risk factor for artherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The number of people suffering from cardiovascular disease as the consequence of their life style, particularly in the city. On the other hand, it was reported that dietary fiber supplementation could inhibit the increase of the blood cholesterol level. One of these dietary fibers known as galactomannan found sufficiently in the residue of coconut kernel. This study was to prove the effect of this dietary fiber supplementation to the increased level of the blood cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglyceride, in the rabbit experiment. The result of the study shown that the effect of supplemention of galactomannan dietary fiber of the coconut kernel to the cholesterol level was in the form of isolated galactomanan. In 26 days, the isolated galactomannan reduced the cholesterol level by 12 mg/dl (p=0.069), 10 mg/dl (p=0.231) of the LDL, and 7 mg/dl (p=0.138) of the triglyceride. The HDL level raised 1 mg/dl (p=0.021). The inhibitation raises significantly when the supplemetation was continued for 52 days. There were an increase of 24 mg/dl (p=0.010) for cholesterol, 15 mg/dl for LDL (p=0.045), 18 mg/dl (p=0.015) for triglyceride. Whereas the increase of the HDL level remained in 1 mg/dl (p= 0.032). The conclusion of this study was that the effect of supplemention of galactomannan dietary fiber contained in the coconut kernel to the cholesterol, trigliseride was in the form of the isolated galactomannan. It could be suggested that the isolated galactomannan produced from the residue of coconut kernel was becoming an alternatif food supplementation for reducing the choletserol level of hyperlipidemia.
Keywords: Dietary fiber, galactomannan, cholesterol, coconut, and experimental animal.
Abstract. The high level of blood cholesterol is one of the risk factor for artherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The number of people suffering from cardiovascular disease as the consequence of their life style, particularly in the city. On the other hand, it was reported that dietary fiber supplementation could inhibit the increase of the blood cholesterol level. One of these dietary fibers known as galactomannan found sufficiently in the residue of coconut kernel. This study was to prove the effect of this dietary fiber supplementation to the increased level of the blood cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglyceride, in the rabbit experiment. The result of the study shown that the effect of supplemention of galactomannan dietary fiber of the coconut kernel to the cholesterol level was in the form of isolated galactomanan. In 26 days, the isolated galactomannan reduced the cholesterol level by 12 mg/dl (p=0.069), 10 mg/dl (p=0.231) of the LDL, and 7 mg/dl (p=0.138) of the triglyceride. The HDL level raised 1 mg/dl (p=0.021). The inhibitation raises significantly when the supplemetation was continued for 52 days. There were an increase of 24 mg/dl (p=0.010) for cholesterol, 15 mg/dl for LDL (p=0.045), 18 mg/dl (p=0.015) for triglyceride. Whereas the increase of the HDL level remained in 1 mg/dl (p= 0.032). The conclusion of this study was that the effect of supplemention of galactomannan dietary fiber contained in the coconut kernel to the cholesterol, trigliseride was in the form of the isolated galactomannan. It could be suggested that the isolated galactomannan produced from the residue of coconut kernel was becoming an alternatif food supplementation for reducing the choletserol level of hyperlipidemia.
Keywords: Dietary fiber, galactomannan, cholesterol, coconut, and experimental animal.
PERBEDAAN RASA TAKUT AKAN KELAHIRAN ANTARA IBU HAMIL DENGAN KELAHIRAN NORMAL DAN IBU HAMIL DENGAN BEDAH CAESAR DI KLINIK/RUMAH SAKIT
Written by Febi Mutiara, Eunike Sri Tyas Suci
Abstrac. It has been reported increase in the number of pregnant women who chose caesarian section method without medical indication, especially among those who live in urban/cities and from middle class families. One of the Important factors in the decision to choose the caesarian section delivery is the fear of childbirth. This study examined the difference in fear of childbirth between mothers choosing normal delivery compared with those who chose caesarian section even though there was no medical indication for this procedure. Three components of fear of childbirth were measured: verbal, physiological and behavioral. Using T-test, it was found that in all three components, the mother�s fear regarding the childbirth in deciding the caesarian section method, was much higher than those that with choice of normal delivery. In addition, the study also found that the main reason for choosing caesarian section method was the lack of confidence in ability to be able to go through a normal delivery and the practicality of caesarian section method. Regarding the knowledge about the caesarian section method, the mothers who chose this method know only understand its benefit but lack the understanding the risk of this method.
Key word: pregnant women, caesar section, childbirth.
Abstrac. It has been reported increase in the number of pregnant women who chose caesarian section method without medical indication, especially among those who live in urban/cities and from middle class families. One of the Important factors in the decision to choose the caesarian section delivery is the fear of childbirth. This study examined the difference in fear of childbirth between mothers choosing normal delivery compared with those who chose caesarian section even though there was no medical indication for this procedure. Three components of fear of childbirth were measured: verbal, physiological and behavioral. Using T-test, it was found that in all three components, the mother�s fear regarding the childbirth in deciding the caesarian section method, was much higher than those that with choice of normal delivery. In addition, the study also found that the main reason for choosing caesarian section method was the lack of confidence in ability to be able to go through a normal delivery and the practicality of caesarian section method. Regarding the knowledge about the caesarian section method, the mothers who chose this method know only understand its benefit but lack the understanding the risk of this method.
Key word: pregnant women, caesar section, childbirth.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON MAN-BITING POPULATION OF FILARIAL VECTOR C. quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) BETWEEN TRIBAL AND NON-TRIBAL AREAS OF BANKUR
Written by G. Chandra and S. K. Rudra
Abstract. West Bengal, India is endemic for filariasis and the number of patients infected with bancroftian filariasis is increasing. There are no observation on the potential vector of filariasis from the tribal areas that make up considerable part in this state. This study investigate population of Cx.. quinquefasciatus in tribal and non-tribal areas of Bankura district. Species composition of mosquitoes, per man-hour density, hourly densities of night biting Cx.. quinquefasciatus, number of Cx.. quinquefasciatus biting per man per day and per man per night. Preferential biting site and peak period of filarial transmission were recorded from both the study areas. Infection rate, infectivity rate of man-landing vector population and annual transmission potential were observed to be 0.31%, 0.00% and 0.00 in tribal areas and 0.73%, 0.23% and 359.71 in non-tribal areas respectively.
Key words: Filariasis, Cx.. quinquefasciatus, man bait, Tribes, Non-Tribes, Transmission. potential
Abstract. West Bengal, India is endemic for filariasis and the number of patients infected with bancroftian filariasis is increasing. There are no observation on the potential vector of filariasis from the tribal areas that make up considerable part in this state. This study investigate population of Cx.. quinquefasciatus in tribal and non-tribal areas of Bankura district. Species composition of mosquitoes, per man-hour density, hourly densities of night biting Cx.. quinquefasciatus, number of Cx.. quinquefasciatus biting per man per day and per man per night. Preferential biting site and peak period of filarial transmission were recorded from both the study areas. Infection rate, infectivity rate of man-landing vector population and annual transmission potential were observed to be 0.31%, 0.00% and 0.00 in tribal areas and 0.73%, 0.23% and 359.71 in non-tribal areas respectively.
Key words: Filariasis, Cx.. quinquefasciatus, man bait, Tribes, Non-Tribes, Transmission. potential
FACTORS RELATED TO IMPLEMENTATION THE DRAFT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES STANDARD AT DISPENSARY IN JAKARTA
Written by Harianto, Angki Purwanti, Sudibyo Supardi
Abstract. Pharmaceutical services had changed from the drug as commodity to become pharmaceutical care. To assure the quality of pharmaceutical services and protect the profession of pharmacist, the Ministry of Health cooperates with ISFI (Indonesian Pharmacist Association) had compiled the draft of pharmaceutical services standard in 2003. The objective of study were to know the implementation of the draft of pharmaceutical services standard and to know the factors related to implementation the draft of pharmaceutical services standard. Research desain was a cross sectional study to 68 pharmacists who work at dispensaries in Jakarta in 2003. Data were collected by proportional of number of dispensaries in townships of Jakarta. Data collecting covered ownership of dispensary, amount of money, attendance of pharmacist and implementation the draft of pharmaceutical services standard in dispensary. Data analysis was conducted with correlation test and multivariat regression test. The conclusion of the research were: (1) The average score of the draft of pharmaceutical services standard in dispensary was 61.02% the category was not good, especially about the drug information services (2) Multivariat analysis among ownership of dispensary, amount orf money, and pharmacist�s attendance showed that only pharmacist�s attendance was related to implementation of the draft of pharmaceutical services standard.
Kata kunci: apotek, kepemilikan apotek, omset apotek, kehadiran APA, standar pelayanan kefarmasian di apotek.
Abstract. Pharmaceutical services had changed from the drug as commodity to become pharmaceutical care. To assure the quality of pharmaceutical services and protect the profession of pharmacist, the Ministry of Health cooperates with ISFI (Indonesian Pharmacist Association) had compiled the draft of pharmaceutical services standard in 2003. The objective of study were to know the implementation of the draft of pharmaceutical services standard and to know the factors related to implementation the draft of pharmaceutical services standard. Research desain was a cross sectional study to 68 pharmacists who work at dispensaries in Jakarta in 2003. Data were collected by proportional of number of dispensaries in townships of Jakarta. Data collecting covered ownership of dispensary, amount of money, attendance of pharmacist and implementation the draft of pharmaceutical services standard in dispensary. Data analysis was conducted with correlation test and multivariat regression test. The conclusion of the research were: (1) The average score of the draft of pharmaceutical services standard in dispensary was 61.02% the category was not good, especially about the drug information services (2) Multivariat analysis among ownership of dispensary, amount orf money, and pharmacist�s attendance showed that only pharmacist�s attendance was related to implementation of the draft of pharmaceutical services standard.
Kata kunci: apotek, kepemilikan apotek, omset apotek, kehadiran APA, standar pelayanan kefarmasian di apotek.
FAKTOR SOSIOEKONOMI DAN KEGIATAN TERTENTU YANG ERHUBUNGAN DENGAN DERAJAT KECACATAN DAN KADAR IMMUNOGLOBULIN PENDERITA KUSTA BEBAS OBAT DI LIPONSOS BEN
Written by Betty Roosihermiatie, Agusni Indropo, Syafriyanur, dan Haryadi Suparto
Abstracts. Leprosy is a frightening disease because of ulseration, mutilation, and deformities hence it causes social, economic, and psychological effects. Seventy seven leprosy patients relieved from treatment in LIPONSOS (Lingkungan Pondok Sosial) Benowo, Surabaya, who voluntarily came at the time of the study and had a negative result of urine fasting test were recruited. This study aimed to determine the association between sosioecenomic factors and activities with the degree of disabilities and Immunoglobulin titers among patients relieved from treatment in LIPONSOS. The results showed that the socioeconomic factors, family income, some activities, and occupation were significantly associated with degree of disabilities (p<0.05). The low level of Ig G was associated with those who regularly participated in lung exercise of Satria Nusantara (p=0.043). Therefore treating the ulseration and exercise were important to maintain the degree of disabilities among leprosy patients relief from treatment. Participating lung exercise Satria Nusantara regularly was to maintain, exercise, and stimulate the immunity and also functions as a psychological support for them.
Keywords : leprosy, income, occupation, Immunoglobulin G titers, degree of disabilities.
Abstracts. Leprosy is a frightening disease because of ulseration, mutilation, and deformities hence it causes social, economic, and psychological effects. Seventy seven leprosy patients relieved from treatment in LIPONSOS (Lingkungan Pondok Sosial) Benowo, Surabaya, who voluntarily came at the time of the study and had a negative result of urine fasting test were recruited. This study aimed to determine the association between sosioecenomic factors and activities with the degree of disabilities and Immunoglobulin titers among patients relieved from treatment in LIPONSOS. The results showed that the socioeconomic factors, family income, some activities, and occupation were significantly associated with degree of disabilities (p<0.05). The low level of Ig G was associated with those who regularly participated in lung exercise of Satria Nusantara (p=0.043). Therefore treating the ulseration and exercise were important to maintain the degree of disabilities among leprosy patients relief from treatment. Participating lung exercise Satria Nusantara regularly was to maintain, exercise, and stimulate the immunity and also functions as a psychological support for them.
Keywords : leprosy, income, occupation, Immunoglobulin G titers, degree of disabilities.
MOTHER KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES TOWARDS MALARIA IN CHILDREN, IN SUNGAILIAT SUBDISTRICT BANGKA DISTRICT IN 2005
Written by Yahya, Aprioza Yenni, Santoso, Lasbudi.P.Ambarita
MOTHER KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES TOWARDS MALARIA IN CHILDREN, IN SUNGAILIAT SUBDISTRICT BANGKA DISTRICT IN 2005
Abstract. The research on mother�s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding malaria among children has been conducted in Sungailiat sub-district of Bangka district from April to August 2005. The aim of this research was to know the level of mother�s knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding malaria among children. This sampel were 90 respondents drawn by Simple Random Sampling method. Results of this research show most of the respondents age between 25-40 years. Most of the respondents only graduated from elementary school and were unemployed (63.3%). Forty six respondents have good knowledge (51.1%), 52 respondents have good attitude (57.8%), and 54 respondents have good practice (60%). There was significant difference between mother�s education and occupation with mother�s knowledge on malaria among children (p <0.005). And there was significant difference between mother�s age with her attitude (p=0.009). Based on the result, it is necessary to inform about malaria, the prevention and the treatment of malaria among children. And it is also important to improve patient�s registration system specially for children�s malaria patient by complete the identity (name and address) of patient�s parents which is necessary for finding case, and repeat data update of residents of Sungailiat Sub-district.
Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice (KAP), Malaria, Sungailiat.
MOTHER KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES TOWARDS MALARIA IN CHILDREN, IN SUNGAILIAT SUBDISTRICT BANGKA DISTRICT IN 2005
Abstract. The research on mother�s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding malaria among children has been conducted in Sungailiat sub-district of Bangka district from April to August 2005. The aim of this research was to know the level of mother�s knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding malaria among children. This sampel were 90 respondents drawn by Simple Random Sampling method. Results of this research show most of the respondents age between 25-40 years. Most of the respondents only graduated from elementary school and were unemployed (63.3%). Forty six respondents have good knowledge (51.1%), 52 respondents have good attitude (57.8%), and 54 respondents have good practice (60%). There was significant difference between mother�s education and occupation with mother�s knowledge on malaria among children (p <0.005). And there was significant difference between mother�s age with her attitude (p=0.009). Based on the result, it is necessary to inform about malaria, the prevention and the treatment of malaria among children. And it is also important to improve patient�s registration system specially for children�s malaria patient by complete the identity (name and address) of patient�s parents which is necessary for finding case, and repeat data update of residents of Sungailiat Sub-district.
Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice (KAP), Malaria, Sungailiat.
Women and Child Health and Malaria in Papua (Keerom and Merauke).A Qualitative Study (KAP)
Written by Katarina Greifeld, Dianne van Oosterhout, Marlina Flassy, Rachmalina,Erwin Nur Rifah dan Fatmawati
Abstrak. Fokus dari artikel ini adalah pada pengertian setempat mengenai kesehatan dan penyakit, terutama yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan ibu dan anak juga malaria di Papua. Disini diperlihatkan perbedaan yang ada antara apa yang dipikirkan dan yang dilakukan, dan apa yang ditawarkan oleh pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat. Hasilnya berasal dari studi kualitatif KAP (pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku) yang dilakukan pada musim kemarau 2005. Istilah setempat mengenai tubuh dan penyakit akan dibahas, seperti konsep yang berhubungan dengan pantangan (taboo) dan kekerasan mereka, serta keinginan khusus yang berhubungan dengan makanan untuk anak dan ibu. Disini ditunjukkan pengaruh dari dukun, lebih khusus, konsep dari kotoran dan darah yang mempengaruhi perilaku pengobatan mereka, itu berarti atau perilaku dan tradisi setempat, atau dengan pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat. Disini dibahas, bagaimana pelayanan bisa lebih peka pada budaya setempat, sehingga pada akhirnya masyarakat mau datang ke pelayanan kesehatan di desa, seperti pustus, polindes atau puskesmas, yang mungkin dapat memberikan hasil positif pada kesehatan mereka.
Key words: women & child health, malaria, qualitative study (KAP), public health services, Papua.
Abstrak. Fokus dari artikel ini adalah pada pengertian setempat mengenai kesehatan dan penyakit, terutama yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan ibu dan anak juga malaria di Papua. Disini diperlihatkan perbedaan yang ada antara apa yang dipikirkan dan yang dilakukan, dan apa yang ditawarkan oleh pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat. Hasilnya berasal dari studi kualitatif KAP (pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku) yang dilakukan pada musim kemarau 2005. Istilah setempat mengenai tubuh dan penyakit akan dibahas, seperti konsep yang berhubungan dengan pantangan (taboo) dan kekerasan mereka, serta keinginan khusus yang berhubungan dengan makanan untuk anak dan ibu. Disini ditunjukkan pengaruh dari dukun, lebih khusus, konsep dari kotoran dan darah yang mempengaruhi perilaku pengobatan mereka, itu berarti atau perilaku dan tradisi setempat, atau dengan pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat. Disini dibahas, bagaimana pelayanan bisa lebih peka pada budaya setempat, sehingga pada akhirnya masyarakat mau datang ke pelayanan kesehatan di desa, seperti pustus, polindes atau puskesmas, yang mungkin dapat memberikan hasil positif pada kesehatan mereka.
Key words: women & child health, malaria, qualitative study (KAP), public health services, Papua.
THE COMPARISON OF NUTRITION STATUS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE USING ANTHROPOMETRIC INDEX BASED ON WHO-NCHS REFERENCE STANDARD VERSUS WHO 2005
Written by Herman Sudiman
Abstract. Anthropometric index is extensively used to evaluate nutritional status of individual as well as the community. This paper describes the comparison of nutritional status of children under five years of age using WHO 2005 standard reference compare with WHO-NCHS standard reference. The scopes of comparison are the mean of Z-score, prevalence of the three indices namely weight-for-age, height-for age, weight-for-age, and the agreement in identify under weight, stunting, and wasting.
Key words: anthropometry, prevalence, agreement, WHO 2005 standard reference, WHO-NCHS standard reference.
Abstract. Anthropometric index is extensively used to evaluate nutritional status of individual as well as the community. This paper describes the comparison of nutritional status of children under five years of age using WHO 2005 standard reference compare with WHO-NCHS standard reference. The scopes of comparison are the mean of Z-score, prevalence of the three indices namely weight-for-age, height-for age, weight-for-age, and the agreement in identify under weight, stunting, and wasting.
Key words: anthropometry, prevalence, agreement, WHO 2005 standard reference, WHO-NCHS standard reference.
ANTIFERTILITY EFFECTS OF SOM JAWA (Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.)ROOT EXTRACT ON MALE MICE (Mus musculus L.)
Written by Tetri Widiyani
Abstract. Talinum paniculatum Gaertn commonly is used as aphrodisiac herb. Phytosterol, saponin, flavonoid and tannin of the herb have a certain bioactivity and may affect to the body system. The objective of this research was to examine the antifertility effects of som jawa (Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.) root extract (SJRE) on male mice (Mus musculus L.). Twenty male mice were divided into 4 groups randomly with 5 replications. SJRE was dissolved in aquadest and given orally everyday for 34 days. The treatment dosages were 0 (control), 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW. At 35th day mice were sacrificed and sectioned to remove testes and epididymis spermatozoas. Testes were sectioned using paraffin method and stained using Haematoxyllin-Eosin. Spermatogenic cells in each seminiferous tubule were counted to investigated spermatogenesis activity of testes. Epididymis sperm suspension was used to investigate sperm quality i.e: morphology, velocity and motility. Quantitatives data were analized using ANOVA and continued DMRT on 5% significance level. The result showed SJRE had antifertility effects on male mice (Mus musculus L.) could inhibit spermatogenesis (decrease the spermatogenic cells count) and decrease the sperm quality (increase percentage of abnormal sperm, decrease sperm motility and also decrease sperm velocity).
Key words: Talinum paniculatum Gaertn., spermatogenesis, spermatozoa, Mus musculus L.
Abstract. Talinum paniculatum Gaertn commonly is used as aphrodisiac herb. Phytosterol, saponin, flavonoid and tannin of the herb have a certain bioactivity and may affect to the body system. The objective of this research was to examine the antifertility effects of som jawa (Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.) root extract (SJRE) on male mice (Mus musculus L.). Twenty male mice were divided into 4 groups randomly with 5 replications. SJRE was dissolved in aquadest and given orally everyday for 34 days. The treatment dosages were 0 (control), 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW. At 35th day mice were sacrificed and sectioned to remove testes and epididymis spermatozoas. Testes were sectioned using paraffin method and stained using Haematoxyllin-Eosin. Spermatogenic cells in each seminiferous tubule were counted to investigated spermatogenesis activity of testes. Epididymis sperm suspension was used to investigate sperm quality i.e: morphology, velocity and motility. Quantitatives data were analized using ANOVA and continued DMRT on 5% significance level. The result showed SJRE had antifertility effects on male mice (Mus musculus L.) could inhibit spermatogenesis (decrease the spermatogenic cells count) and decrease the sperm quality (increase percentage of abnormal sperm, decrease sperm motility and also decrease sperm velocity).
Key words: Talinum paniculatum Gaertn., spermatogenesis, spermatozoa, Mus musculus L.
BSLT DARI BERBAGAI FRAKSI EKSTRAK DAGING BUAH DAN KULIT BIJI MAHKOTA DEWA
Written by Vivi Lisdawati, Sumali Wiryowidagdo, L.Broto S. Kardono
Abstract. Biological activity of a natural product involved in several certain characteristics will influence its pharmaceutical application. Secondary metabolites, considered as chemical compounds, are now thought to mediate plant defense mechanism by providing chemical barriers against animal and microbial predators. Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method has been used as preliminary test for screening the activity of chemical compounds in n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts from mesocarp and seeds of Phaleria macrocarpa, fam. Thymelaeaceae. BSLT method used shrimp larvas of Artemia salina L. to study the mortality effect that was caused by the sample extracts. All of crude extracts showed bioactivity with LC50 values from 0.16 to 11.83�g/ml (baseline 1000 �g/ml). It means, at the concentration the crude extracts can cause 50% mortality of A. salina L. shrimp larvas, after 24 hours incubation. These results clearly indicate that crude extracts of P. macrocarpa showed high potential biological activity.
Keywords: Brine Shrimp Lethality Test, fruit of Phaleria macrocarpa, LC50 (lethal concentration).
Abstract. Biological activity of a natural product involved in several certain characteristics will influence its pharmaceutical application. Secondary metabolites, considered as chemical compounds, are now thought to mediate plant defense mechanism by providing chemical barriers against animal and microbial predators. Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method has been used as preliminary test for screening the activity of chemical compounds in n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts from mesocarp and seeds of Phaleria macrocarpa, fam. Thymelaeaceae. BSLT method used shrimp larvas of Artemia salina L. to study the mortality effect that was caused by the sample extracts. All of crude extracts showed bioactivity with LC50 values from 0.16 to 11.83�g/ml (baseline 1000 �g/ml). It means, at the concentration the crude extracts can cause 50% mortality of A. salina L. shrimp larvas, after 24 hours incubation. These results clearly indicate that crude extracts of P. macrocarpa showed high potential biological activity.
Keywords: Brine Shrimp Lethality Test, fruit of Phaleria macrocarpa, LC50 (lethal concentration).
SPOT SURVEY RESERVOIR LEPTOSPIROSIS DI DESA BAKUNG, KECAMATAN JOGONALAN, KABUPATEN KLATEN, JATENG
Written by Ristiyanto, Farida D.H, Gambiro dan Sri Wahyuni
Abstract. Leptospirosis outbreak was occurred in Klaten district, Central Java, in June 2005. This outbreak was caused dead case out of 4 cases (Case fatality rate 25%). The Lepto-spirosis reservoir spot survey was conducted in Bakung village, Jogonalan sub district, Klaten district, Central Java, in July 2005. The aim of the study was to discover the prevalence of leptospirosis and the diversity of rats. The methods use was rats trapping and serology test, for leptospira. The result of the study found 3 kinds of rats species, i. e. Rattus tanezumi (in houses) , Bandicota indica, R. tiomanicus (in rice field) and 1 species of shrew Suncus murinus. In addition to that, it was found that R. tanezumi (6.82% of 44 rats) was infected by Leptospira bataviae, L. autumnalis and L. icterohemorrhagiae.
Keywords : Leptospirosis, reservoir, tikus, spot survey.
Abstract. Leptospirosis outbreak was occurred in Klaten district, Central Java, in June 2005. This outbreak was caused dead case out of 4 cases (Case fatality rate 25%). The Lepto-spirosis reservoir spot survey was conducted in Bakung village, Jogonalan sub district, Klaten district, Central Java, in July 2005. The aim of the study was to discover the prevalence of leptospirosis and the diversity of rats. The methods use was rats trapping and serology test, for leptospira. The result of the study found 3 kinds of rats species, i. e. Rattus tanezumi (in houses) , Bandicota indica, R. tiomanicus (in rice field) and 1 species of shrew Suncus murinus. In addition to that, it was found that R. tanezumi (6.82% of 44 rats) was infected by Leptospira bataviae, L. autumnalis and L. icterohemorrhagiae.
Keywords : Leptospirosis, reservoir, tikus, spot survey.
THE INFLUENCE OF WASHING PRACTICES ON THE EFFICACY OF DELTAMETHRIN LONG LASTING INSECTICIDE TREATED MOSQUITO NETS (ITNs) USING GLASS TUNNEL TEST METHO
Written by Damar Tri Boewono, Widiarti, Mujiono
Abstrak. Suatu penelitian untuk mengetahui aktivitas residu dan respon iritabilitas Perma-Net long lasting-insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) deltamethrin 55 mg/m2 setelah pencucian, dilakukan di BPVRP Salatiga, bulan Oktober-November 2004 dengan metoda uji glass tunnel. Kelambu PermaNet dicuci dengan sabun padat (0, 6, 9, 12, 18, 21 dan 24 kali) sebagai perlakuan. Pencucian kelambu dilakukan tiga kali (secara individual) di dalam blue cap bottle (volume 1 liter), diisi air 500 ml dan digoyang pada shaker selama 20 menit, dibilas 2 kali dan dikeringkan di tempat terlindung cahaya matahari, pada posisi datar. Evaluasi dilakukan terhadap kematian nyamuk uji (Anopheles maculatus) serta respon iritabilitas (jumlah nyamuk uji dapat melewati lubang pada kelambu berinsektisida) dan jumlah nyamuk uji kenyang darah marmot yang dipasang sebagai umpan. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa penurunan aktivitas residu insektisida deltamethrin sejalan dengan frekuensi pencucian ITNs. Rata-rata kandungan deltamethrin setelah dicuci 24 kali adalah 8,78 mg/m2 (berkurang 84,24% atau 1,93 mg/m2 setiap pencucian ) dan kematian nyamuk uji 80,0%, dari jumlah 100 ekor. Uji glass tunnel menunjukkan bahwa, kematian An. maculatus pada kelambu (0 dan 6 kali pencucian) tidak berbeda secara bermakna, akan tetapi berbeda nyata setelah 12, 18, 21 dan 24 kali pencucian. Kematian nyamuk uji pada kelambu yang telah dicuci 21 dan 24 kali, menurun menjadi 67,97% dan 55,15% (tidak efektif menurut standar WHO 70%) dan tidak berbeda nyata dengan kelambu dicuci 18 kali. Respon iritabilitas tidak berbeda nyata berdasarkan jumlah pencucian. Efek repelen PermaNet� tidak cukup besar, nampak dari jumlah nyamuk melewati lubang pada kelambu uji 14,17-30,91% (�1,63%) ditemukan kenyang darah.
Key words : glass tunnel test; ITNs deltamethrin; washing frequency; An. maculatus.
Abstrak. Suatu penelitian untuk mengetahui aktivitas residu dan respon iritabilitas Perma-Net long lasting-insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) deltamethrin 55 mg/m2 setelah pencucian, dilakukan di BPVRP Salatiga, bulan Oktober-November 2004 dengan metoda uji glass tunnel. Kelambu PermaNet dicuci dengan sabun padat (0, 6, 9, 12, 18, 21 dan 24 kali) sebagai perlakuan. Pencucian kelambu dilakukan tiga kali (secara individual) di dalam blue cap bottle (volume 1 liter), diisi air 500 ml dan digoyang pada shaker selama 20 menit, dibilas 2 kali dan dikeringkan di tempat terlindung cahaya matahari, pada posisi datar. Evaluasi dilakukan terhadap kematian nyamuk uji (Anopheles maculatus) serta respon iritabilitas (jumlah nyamuk uji dapat melewati lubang pada kelambu berinsektisida) dan jumlah nyamuk uji kenyang darah marmot yang dipasang sebagai umpan. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa penurunan aktivitas residu insektisida deltamethrin sejalan dengan frekuensi pencucian ITNs. Rata-rata kandungan deltamethrin setelah dicuci 24 kali adalah 8,78 mg/m2 (berkurang 84,24% atau 1,93 mg/m2 setiap pencucian ) dan kematian nyamuk uji 80,0%, dari jumlah 100 ekor. Uji glass tunnel menunjukkan bahwa, kematian An. maculatus pada kelambu (0 dan 6 kali pencucian) tidak berbeda secara bermakna, akan tetapi berbeda nyata setelah 12, 18, 21 dan 24 kali pencucian. Kematian nyamuk uji pada kelambu yang telah dicuci 21 dan 24 kali, menurun menjadi 67,97% dan 55,15% (tidak efektif menurut standar WHO 70%) dan tidak berbeda nyata dengan kelambu dicuci 18 kali. Respon iritabilitas tidak berbeda nyata berdasarkan jumlah pencucian. Efek repelen PermaNet� tidak cukup besar, nampak dari jumlah nyamuk melewati lubang pada kelambu uji 14,17-30,91% (�1,63%) ditemukan kenyang darah.
Key words : glass tunnel test; ITNs deltamethrin; washing frequency; An. maculatus.
BREAST SELF EXAMINATION IN INDONESIA ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL SOCIO ECONOMIC SURVEY 1998 AND NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD HEALTH SURVEY 2004
Written by Suhardi, Yulianti Pradono, Dwi Hapsari dan Siti Isfandari
Abstract. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of malignancies among females in Indonesia and the only feasible intervention at present is secondary prevention by BSE (Breast Self Examination). The main objective of this article is to depict trends and differen-tials on the prevalence rate of women aged 30 years and over who knew about and practiced BSE based on the results of analysis on a subset of Susenas (the National Socio Economic Survey) 1998 and SKRT (the National Household Health Survey) 2004 database. According to Susenas 1998, the prevalence rate of women aged 30 years and over (n = 55.621) who knew about BSE was 14.2 % in urban areas, 3.1 % in rural areas and 7.3 % in both areas, and the prevalence rate of those who practiced BSE in the past year was 7.4 % in urban areas, 1.4 % in rural areas, and 3.6 % in both areas. In the next survey, SKRT 2004 found the prevalence rate of women aged 30 years and over (n = 3.346) who ever practiced BSE (without time refe-rence) was 19.0 % in urban areas, 5.7 % in rural areas and 11.3 % in both areas. The two surveys reveal that the prevalence rate of BSE was higher in urban areas, both for the entire country and all islands and provinces. The prevalence rate was also higher in younger age groups and those with better education and socioeconomic level. Despite the apparently sharp increase of prevalence rates between 1998 and 2004, the coverage of BSE practice was still far from enough for a significant reduction in the proportion of breast cancer in late stages among females.
Keywords : breast self examination, coverage, national health survey.
Abstract. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of malignancies among females in Indonesia and the only feasible intervention at present is secondary prevention by BSE (Breast Self Examination). The main objective of this article is to depict trends and differen-tials on the prevalence rate of women aged 30 years and over who knew about and practiced BSE based on the results of analysis on a subset of Susenas (the National Socio Economic Survey) 1998 and SKRT (the National Household Health Survey) 2004 database. According to Susenas 1998, the prevalence rate of women aged 30 years and over (n = 55.621) who knew about BSE was 14.2 % in urban areas, 3.1 % in rural areas and 7.3 % in both areas, and the prevalence rate of those who practiced BSE in the past year was 7.4 % in urban areas, 1.4 % in rural areas, and 3.6 % in both areas. In the next survey, SKRT 2004 found the prevalence rate of women aged 30 years and over (n = 3.346) who ever practiced BSE (without time refe-rence) was 19.0 % in urban areas, 5.7 % in rural areas and 11.3 % in both areas. The two surveys reveal that the prevalence rate of BSE was higher in urban areas, both for the entire country and all islands and provinces. The prevalence rate was also higher in younger age groups and those with better education and socioeconomic level. Despite the apparently sharp increase of prevalence rates between 1998 and 2004, the coverage of BSE practice was still far from enough for a significant reduction in the proportion of breast cancer in late stages among females.
Keywords : breast self examination, coverage, national health survey.
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE GENERAL HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AND SOCIAL DYSFUNCTION SCREENING IN COMMUNITY
Written by Sri Idaiani dan Suhardi
Abstract : Every mental health intervention program needs a screening tool which is valid and reliable for mental health cases in their own community. The main objectives of the study were to measure the validity and reliability of the 12 items of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and to determine the optimum cut off scores. The study site was located in Abadi Jaya Sub-district, Depok City, West Jawa. Four hundred subjects were selected randomly by the Kish method to participate in the study. The results of the GHQ-12 interviews were then compared with the Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90) scores as the gold standard. Retest for reliability assessments were followed by 89 out of the 400 subjects and administered in 2-3 week intervals. The optimum cut-off scores of the GHQ-12 was 7/8 with a sensitivity of 67.80 and a specificity of 74.75. The Alpha Cronbach ranged from 0.670-0.776. There were no significant differences between the first and second GHQ-12 scores (Z= -0.211, P= 0.833). The GHQ-12 with moderate validity and high reliability has the potential to become a screening tool, and accordingly needs to be tailored and developed furthermore.
Keywords : GHQ-12, validity, reliability, cut off point, psychological distress, social dysfunction.
Abstract : Every mental health intervention program needs a screening tool which is valid and reliable for mental health cases in their own community. The main objectives of the study were to measure the validity and reliability of the 12 items of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and to determine the optimum cut off scores. The study site was located in Abadi Jaya Sub-district, Depok City, West Jawa. Four hundred subjects were selected randomly by the Kish method to participate in the study. The results of the GHQ-12 interviews were then compared with the Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90) scores as the gold standard. Retest for reliability assessments were followed by 89 out of the 400 subjects and administered in 2-3 week intervals. The optimum cut-off scores of the GHQ-12 was 7/8 with a sensitivity of 67.80 and a specificity of 74.75. The Alpha Cronbach ranged from 0.670-0.776. There were no significant differences between the first and second GHQ-12 scores (Z= -0.211, P= 0.833). The GHQ-12 with moderate validity and high reliability has the potential to become a screening tool, and accordingly needs to be tailored and developed furthermore.
Keywords : GHQ-12, validity, reliability, cut off point, psychological distress, social dysfunction.
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